Acanthuroidei
From Palaeos.org
The Acanthuroidei are a well-defined group of mostly tropical and subtropical fishes that include well-known forms such as the Acanthuridae (surgeonfishes) and Zanclus (Moorish idol). Most species are inshore taxa except for the epipelagic louvar (Luvarus imperialis).
Description
Parent taxa: Acanthopterygii, "Perciformes".
Daughter taxa: Ephippidae, Scatophagidae, Siganidae, Luvarus, Zanclus, Acanthuridae.
Distribution: Warm seas worldwide, with the majority of species in the Indo-Pacific.
Description: (from Tang et al., 1999) Interarcual cartilage absent, distinctively shaped nonovoid interopercle, articular shorter than dentary, nonprotrusible or nearly nonprotrusible premaxillae, gill membranes broadly united at isthmus, cancellous frontal and supraoccipital bones, myocommatum in the adductor mandibulae muscle (lost in Zanclus and Acanthuridae - Winterbottom, 1993).
Diet: (from Winterbottom & McLennan, 1993) Ephippidae and Scatophagidae are benthic invertivores. Siganidae and most Acanthuridae are herbivores or detritivores; some Acanthuridae are zooplanktivores. Zanclus is an omnivore, while Luvarus feeds on oceanic plankton such as jellyfish.
Comments: Originally, the name Acanthuroidei was used for a clade containing the families Siganidae, Acanthuridae and Zanclus. The distinctive Luvarus, previously regarded as related to the Scombroidei or Carangoidei, was later recognised as belonging to the Acanthuroidei. These four taxa form a well-supported clade, distinguished by (among other things) the possession of a specialised planktonic larval stage, the acronurus. Winterbottom (1993) later formalised the larger clade containing the Ephippidae and Scatophagidae as well as the Acanthuroidei sensu stricto by expanding the Acanthuroidei to include the former two families, thus removing them from the rampantly paraphyletic (if not polyphyletic) suborder Percoidei. Winterbottom (1993) suggested the genus Drepane to be the sister taxon to Acanthuroidei sensu lato. The molecular analysis of Tang et al. (1999) suggested that Drepane may also fall within the Acanthuroidei as sister to the Scatophagidae, but statistical support was low.
A number of species of Acanthuroidei are known from the Eocene Monte Bolca deposit of Italy. The Monte Bolca taxa are already assignable to Recent families, including representatives of both Acanthuridae and Siganidae (Winterbottom & McLennan, 1993).
Taxonomy
<==Acanthuroidei |--+--+--Drepane | | | |--D. africana | | | `--D. punctata (Linnaeus 1758) [=Chaetodon punctata, Harpochirus punctatus] | | `--Scatophagidae | | |--Scatophagus argus (Linnaeus 1766) [=Chaetodon argus] | | `--Selenotoca | | |--S. multifasciata (Richardson 1844-1848) (see below for synonymy) | | `--S. papuensis Fraser-Brunner 1938 | `--Ephippidae | |--Chaetodipterus faber | |--Platax [Platacidae] | | |--P. novaemaculatus | | |--P. orbicularis (Forskål 1775) (see below for synonymy) | | |--P. pinnatus (Linnaeus 1758) [=Chaetodon pinnatus] | | `--P. teira (Forskål 1775) (see below for synonymy) | `--Eoplatax `--+--Siganidae [Siganoidei] | |--Lo vulpinus (Schlegel & Müller 1844) (see below for synonymy) | `--Siganus | |--S. argenteus (Quoy & Gaimard 1824) (see below for synonymy) | |--S. canaliculatus (Park 1797) (see below for synonymy) | |--S. consobrinus Ogilby 1912 | |--S. corallinus (Valenciennes 1835) (see below for synonymy) | |--S. doliatus (Valenciennes 1835) [=Amphacanthus doliatus, Teuthis doliatus] | |--S. fuscescens (Houttuyn 1782) (see below for synonymy) | |--S. guttatus (Bloch 1787) (see below for synonymy) | |--S. javus (Linnaeus 1766) [=Teuthis javus, Amphacanthus javus] | |--S. lineatus (Cuvier & Valenciennes 1835) (see below for synonymy) | |--S. luridus (Rüppell 1829) | |--S. puellus (Schlegel 1852) (see below for synonymy) | |--S. punctatus (Schneider 1801) (see below for synonymy) | |--S. punctissimus | |--S. rivulatus (Forsskål 1775) (see below for synonymy) | |--S. rostratus (Quoy & Gaimard 1825) (see below for synonymy) | |--S. spinus (Linnaeus 1758) (see below for synonymy) | |--S. sutor (Valenciennes 1835) | |--S. tetrazonus (Bleeker 1855) [=Amphacanthus tetrazona] | |--S. vermiculatus (Valenciennes 1835) (see below for synonymy) | `--S. virgatus (Valenciennes 1835) [=Amphacanthus virgatus, Teuthis virgata] `--+--Luvarus [incl. Proctostegus Nardo 1827; Luvaridae] | `--L. imperialis [incl. Ausonia cuvieri] `--+--Zanclus [Zanclidae] | |--Z. canescens (Linnaeus 1758) (see below for synonymy) | `--Z. cornutus (Linnaeus 1758) [=Chaetodon cornutus] `--Acanthuridae
Lo vulpinus (Schlegel & Müller 1844) [=Amphacanthus vulpinus, Siganus vulpinus, Teuthis vulpinus]
Platax orbicularis (Forskål 1775) [=Chaetodon orbicularis; incl. P. anagon Thiollière 1857, P. arthriticus Bleeker 1868, P. batavianus Bleeker 1877, P. blochii Cuvier & Valenciennes 1831, P. expansus Thiollière 1857, P. leschenaldi Cuvier & Valenciennes 1831, P. vespertilio Bleeker 1859]
Platax teira (Forskål 1775) [=Chaetodon teira; incl. P. gaimardi Cuvier & Valenciennes 1831]
Selenotoca multifasciata (Richardson 1844-1848) [=Scatophagus multifasciatus; incl. Se. multifasciata aetatevarians, Sc. tetracanthus Fowler 1928]
Siganus argenteus (Quoy & Gaimard 1824) [=Amphacanthus argenteus, Teuthis argentea]
Siganus canaliculatus (Park 1797) [=Chaetodon caniculatus; incl. T. margaritifera Peters 1876, Amphacanthus guttatus var. oramin Bloch & Schneider 1801, Siganus oramin, Teuthis oramin, T. tumifrons Macleay 1883]
Siganus corallinus (Valenciennes 1835) [=Amphacanthus corallinus, Teuthis corallina; incl. T. studeri Peters 1876]
Siganus fuscescens (Houttuyn 1782) [=Sparus fuscescens, Teuthis fuscescens; incl. T. albopunctatus Macleay 1883]
Siganus guttatus (Bloch 1787) [=Chaetodon guttatus; incl. Teuthis concatenata Günther 1880, Siganus concatenatus]
Siganus lineatus (Cuvier & Valenciennes 1835) [=Amphacanthus lineatus, Teuthis lineata]
Siganus puellus (Schlegel 1852) [=Amphacanthus puellus, Teuthis puella; incl. A. ocularis Thiollière 1857, Siganus zoniceps Seale 1906]
Siganus punctatus (Schneider 1801) [=Amphacanthus punctatus; incl. S. chrysospilos de Beaufort & Chapman 1951, Teuthis hexagonata Meyer 1885]
Siganus rivulatus (Forsskål 1775) [=Scarus rivulatus; incl. Teuthis nebulosa Meyer 1885]
Siganus rostratus (Quoy & Gaimard 1825) [=Amphacanthus rostratus, Teuthis rostrata; incl. A. kopsi Bleeker 1859]
Siganus spinus (Linnaeus 1758) [=Sparus spinus; incl. Teuthis marmorata Peters 1876, T. striolata Günther 1873, Amphacanthus striolata]
Siganus vermiculatus (Valenciennes 1835) [=Amphacanthus vermiculatus, S. vermicularis (l. c.), Teuthis vermiculata]
Zanclus canescens (Linnaeus 1758) [=Chaetodon canescens; incl. Heniochus acornes Montrouzier in Thiollière 1857 (n. n.), Zanclus montrouzieri Thiollière 1857]
* Type species of generic name indicated
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