Actinobacteria

From Palaeos

Actinobacteria are Gram-positive and almost exclusively aerobic. Their DNA is biased toward high G+C content. Actinobacteria contain 20S proteasomes. Such proteasomes are otherwise known only from Archaea and eukaryotes (Nagy et al., 1998). Often with snapping division or branching filaments; spores if present usually exospores. Filamentous members of this clade are often referred to as ‘fungi’. Actinomyces, Streptomyces, Mycobacterium, Propionibacterium, Corynebacterium, Nocardia, Micrococcus.

Some actinobacteria provide several kinds of antibiotics, primarily species of the genus Streptomyces.

[edit] Phylogeny

<==Actinobacteria [Actinomycota]
   |  i. s.: Saccharopolyspora erythrea
   |         Dermabacteraceae
   |         Tsukamurella
   |           |--T. paurometabola
   |           `--T. spumae Nam, Chun et al. 2003VP
   |         Glycomyces
   |         Actinoalloteichus cyanogriseus
   |         Actinopolyspora halophila
   |         Thermocrispum municipale
   |         Acrocarpospora
   |         Actinokineospora
   |           |--A. auranticolor Otoguro, Hayakawa et al. 2003VP
   |           `--A. enzanensis Otoguro, Hayakawa et al. 2003VP
   |         Actinopolymorpha singaporensis
   |         Actinosynnema
   |         Asanoa
   |         Catellatospora
   |         Catenuloplanes
   |         Couchioplanes
   |         Cryptosporangium
   |         Hongia koreensis
   |         Kibdelosporangium aridum
   |         Kineosporia
   |         Kutzneria
   |         Lechevalieria
   |         Lentzea
   |         Pilimelia
   |         Planotetraspora
   |         Saccharothrix
   |         Spirilliplanes
   |         Streptoalloteichus hindustanus
   |         Verrucosispora
   |         Virgisporangium
   |         Tropheryma whippelii
   |         Atopobium minutum
   |--‘Lactobacillus’ minutus
   `--+--+--Arthrobacteria
      |  `--Arabobacteria
      |       |--Propionibacterineae
      |       `--+--+--Frankia
      |          |  `--Geodermatophilus
      |          `--+--Corynebacterineae
      |             `--+--Faenia rectivirgula
      |                `--Pseudonocardiaceae
      |                     |--Prauserella rugosa
      |                     |--Saccharomonospora
      |                     |    |--S. viridis
      |                     |    `--S. xinjiangensis
      |                     `--Pseudonocardia
      |                          |--P. kongjuensis
      |                          |--P. sulfidoxydans
      |                          `--P. thermophila
      `--Streptosporangineae
           |--Thermobispora bispora
           |--Thermomonosporaceae
           `--+--Streptomycetaceae [Streptomycetales, Streptomycetes]
              |    |  i. s.: Streptoverticillium salmonis
              |    |--Streptomyces
              |    `--+--Kitasatospora
              |       `--Streptacidiphilus
              |            |--S. carbonis
              |            `--+--S. albus
              |               `--S. neutrinimicus
              `--+--Nocardiopsaceae
                 |    |--Thermobifida Zhang, Wang & Ruan 1998
                 |    |    |--*T. alba (Locci et al.) Zhang, Wang & Ruan 1998 (see below for synonymy)
                 |    |    `--T. fusca (McCarthy & Cross) Zhang, Wang & Ruan 1998 (see below for synonymy)
                 |    `--+--Streptomonospora salina
                 |       `--Nocardiopsis
                 `--Streptosporangiaceae

Thermobifida alba (Locci et al. 1967) Zhang, Wang & Ruan 1998 [=Actinobifida alba, Thermomonospora alba (Locci et al.) Cross & Goodfellow 1973; incl. Thermomonospora mesouviformis]

Thermobifida fusca (McCarthy & Cross) Zhang, Wang & Ruan 1998 [=Thermomonospora fusca (ex Henssen 1957) McCarthy & Cross 1984]

* Type species of generic name indicated

[edit] References

Amann, R. I., W. Ludwig & K.-H. Schleifer. 1995. Phylogenetic identification and in situ detection of individual microbial cells without cultivation. Microbiological Reviews 59 (1): 143-169.

Buczolits, S., P. Schumann, G. Weidler, C. Radax & H.-J. Busse. 2003. Brachybacterium muris sp. nov., isolated from the liver of a laboratory mouse strain. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 53: 1955-1960.

Cavalier-Smith, T. 2002. The neomuran origin of archaebacteria, the negibacterial root of the universal tree and bacterial megaclassification. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 52: 7-76.

Cook, A. E., & P. R. Meyers. 2003. Rapid identification of filamentous actinomycetes to the genus level using genus-specific 16S rRNA gene restriction fragment patterns. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 53: 1907-1915.

Goyache, J., A. I. Vela, M. D. Collins, C. Ballesteros, V. Briones, J. Moreno, P. Yorio, L. Domínguez, R. Hutson & J. F. Fernández-Garayzábal. 2003. Corynebacterium spheniscorum sp. nov., isolated from the cloacae of wild penguins. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 53: 43-46.

Groth, I., B. Schütze, T. Boettcher, C. B. Pullen, C. Rodriguez, E. Leistner & M. Goodfellow. 2003. Kitasatospora putterlickiae sp. nov., isolated from rhizosphere soil, transfer of Streptomyces kifunensis to the genus Kitasatospora as Kitasatospora kifunensis comb. nov., and emended description of Streptomyces aureofaciens Duggar 1948. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 53: 2033-2040.

Hugenholtz, P., C. Pitulle, K. L. Hershberger & N. R. Pace. 1998. Novel division level bacterial diversity in a Yellowstone hot spring. Journal of Bacteriology 180 (2): 366-376.

IJSEM. 2003a. Validation list no. 89: Validation of publication of new names and new combinations previously effectively published outside the IJSEM. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 53: 1-2.

IJSEM. 2003b. Validation list no. 94: Validation of publication of new names and new combinations previously effectively published outside the IJSEM. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 53: 1701-1702.

IJSEM. 2004. Validation list no. 95: Validation of publication of new names and new combinations previously effectively published outside the IJSEM. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 54: 1-2.

Li, M.-G., W. J. Li, P. Xu, X.-L. Cui, L.-H. Xu & C.-L. Jiang. 2003. Nocardiopsis xinjiangensis sp. nov., a halophilic actinomycete isolated from a saline soil sample in China. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 53: 317-321.

Moffitt, M. C., & B. A. Neilan. 2003. Evolutionary affiliations within the superfamily of ketosynthases reflect complex pathway associations. Journal of Molecular Evolution 56: 446-457.

Nagy, I., T. Tamura, J. Vanderleyden, W. Baumeister & R. DeMot. 1998. The 20S proteasome of Streptomyces coelicolor. Journal of Bacteriology 180: 5448–5453.

Prescott, L. M., J. P. Harley & D. A. Klein. 1996. Microbiology (3rd ed.) Wm. C. Brown Publishers: Dubuque (Iowa).

Raoult, D., S. Audic, C. Robert, C. Abergel, P. Renesto, H. Ogata, B. La Scola, M. Suzan & J.-M. Claverie. 2004. The 1.2-megabase genome sequence of Mimivirus. Science 306: 1344-1350.

Zhang, Z., Y. Wang & J. Ruan. 1998. Reclassification of Thermomonospora and Microtetraspora. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology 48: 411-422.

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