Basidiomycota

From Palaeos

Fungi
 |--Chytridiomycota
 `--+--o--Zygomycetes
    |  `--Trichomycetes
    `--+--Basidiomycota
       |  |--Ustilaginomycetes
       |  `--Hymenomycetes
       `--Ascomycota
          |--Saccharomycotina
          `--Pezizomycotina

The 63rd plate from Ernst Haeckel's Kunstformen der Natur, depicting Basimycetes.

[edit] Description

The basidiomycetes are the rusts, smuts, gilled mushrooms, puffballs, stinkhorns, and club, shelf or coral fungi. They are one of the two major divisions of Fungi, the other being the Ascomycota. Definitive Basidiomycote fossils are known from the Late Devonian, although there has been a recent report of a possible Early Devonian lichen incorporating a probable basidiomycete fungus.

The Basidiomycota is such a large and diverse group, that the living members have little in common. The basidiomycete life cycle has a four unique properties which are probably synapomorphies, but which are no longer shared by all members of the group:

(1) The taxon is named for the basidium where sexual spores are produced.

(2) The life cycle generally includes a persistent dikaryon, frequntly large (e.g., a mushroom) in which each cell in the thallus contains two haploid nuclei, typically as the resulting of a mating event

(3) Clamp connections (explained at the glossary entry) are unique to Basidiomycota and are used to maintain the dikaryon state during hyphal division.

(4) Many basidiomycotes can launch spores into the air in a process referred to as ballistospory.

The basidiospores bear a single haploid nucleus. They germinate into hyphae with a single nucleus in each compartment, a monokaryon. A mating event results from end-to-end fusion of hyphae, as in Zygomycota, or fusion of a hypha with an oidium, a specialized mating spore. Then the resulting dikaryon divides through clamp connections so that the dikaryon state is maintained. Many basidiomycotes remain in the dikaryon state indefinitely. Under appropriate conditions, the dikaryon will produce fruiting bodies. Some of these hyphae produce basidia, such as the cells lining the "gills" under the cap of gilled mushrooms. Ultimately, the two haploid nuclei in each basidium fuse (karyogamy) to form a diploid nucleus. This then undergoes meiosis to produce four haploid nuclei whch migrate into the basidiospores and are dispersed into the environment.

o Fungi
`--o Basidiomycota [Basidiomycotina]
   |--Orthomycotina
   |    |--Ustilaginomycetes
   |    `--Hymenomycetes [Gelimycetes, Hymenomycetia]
   |       |--Tremellales
   |       `--+--Dacrymycetales
   |          `--+--Homobasidiomycetes
   |             `--Auriculariales [Auromycetidae]
   `--Urediniomycetes [Septomycetes, Septomycotina]
      |--Uredomycetidae
      `--Sporidiomycetidae

[edit] Phylogeny

[edit] Dendrogram

<==Basidiomycota [Basidiomycotina]
   |  i. s.: Cystofilobasidium
   |           |--C. bisporidii
   |           `--C. capitatum
   |         Mrakia frigida
   |         Filobasidium globisporum
   |         Trimorphomyces
   |         Atractocolax pulvinatus
   |         Nematoctonus
   |         Cyrenella elegans
   |         Mycaureola Maire & Chemin 1922
   |           `--*M. dilseae Maire & Chemin 1922
   |         Massartia de Wildeman 1897
   |--Orthomycotina
   |    |--Ustilaginomycotina
   |    `--Agaricomycotina [Gelimycetes, Hymenomycetes, Hymenomycetia]
   |         |  i. s.: Filobasidiella neoformans
   |         |--Tremellales
   |         `--+--Dacrymycetales
   |            `--+--Homobasidiomycetes
   |               `--Auriculariales [Auromycetidae]
   |                    |--+--Basidiodendron caesiocinereum
   |                    |  `--Bourdotia
   |                    `--+--Heterochaete
   |                       `--+--Exidia thuretiana
   |                          `--Auricularia
   |                               |--A. auricula-judae
   |                               `--A. polytricha
   `--Pucciniomycotina [Septomycetes, Septomycotina, Urediniomycetes]
        |  i. s.: Atelocauda digitata
        |         Cerotelium dicentrae
        |         Coleosporium tussilaginis
        |         Cumminsiella mirabilissima
        |         Endoraecium acaciae
        |         Gymnoconia nitens
        |         Gymnosporangium
        |         Haplophragmidium
        |         Melampsora epitea
        |         Melampsorella caryophyllacearum
        |         Ochrospora ariae
        |         Phragmidium mucronatum
        |         Pileolaria effusa
        |         Pucciniastrum goeppertianum
        |         Tranzschelia discolor
        |         Triphragmium filipendulae
        |         Uromycladium tepperianum
        |         Zaghouania phillyreae
        |--Uredomycetidae
        `--Sporidiomycetidae
             |  i. s.: Cystobasidium fimetarium
             |         Sporidiales
             |         Erythrobasidium [Erythrobasidiales]
             |           `--E. hasegawianum
             |--Naohidea sebacea
             `--+--Sakaguchia dacryoidea
                `--+--Occultifur externus
                   `--anam. ‘Rhodotorula’ minuta

* Type species of genus indicated

[edit] References

Bauer, R., D. Begerow, F. Oberwinkler & L. Marvanová. 2003. Classicula: The teleomorph of Naiadella fluitans. Mycologia 95 (4): 756-764.

Cavalier-Smith, T. 1998. A revised six-kingdom system of life. Biological Reviews 73: 203-266.

Fensome, R. A., F. J. R. Taylor, G. Norris, W. A. S. Sarjeant, D. I. Wharton & G. L. Williams. 1993. A classification of living and fossil dinoflagellates. Micropaleontology Special Publication 7: i-viii, 1-351.

Hernández, J. R., & J. F. Hennen. 2003. Rust fungi causing galls, witches’ brooms, and other abnormal plant growths in northwestern Argentina. Mycologia 95 (4): 728-755.

Hibbett, D. S., & M. Binder. 2002. Evolution of complex fruiting-body morphologies in homobasidiomycetes. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 269: 1963-1969.

Kerry, B. R., & W. M. Hominick. 2002. Biological control. In The Biology of Nematodes (D. L. Lee, ed.) pp. 483-509. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).

Kirschner, R., J. P. Sampaio, M. Gadanho, M. Weiß & F. Oberwinkler. 2001. Cuniculitrema polymorpha (Tremellales, gen. nov. and sp. nov.), a heterobasidiomycete vectored by bark beetles, which is the teleomorph of Sterigmatosporidium polymorphum. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 80: 149-161.

Rossman, A. Y., G. J. Samuels, C. T. Rogerson & R. Lowen. 1999. Genera of Bionectriaceae, Hypocreaceae and Nectriaceae (Hypocreales, Ascomycetes). Studies in Mycology 42: 1-248.

Sampaio, J. P., M. Gadanho, R. Bauer & M. Weiss. 2003. Taxonomic studies in the Microbotryomycetidae: Leucosporidium golubevii sp. nov., Leucosporidiella gen. nov. and the new orders Leucosporidiales and Sporidiobolales. Mycological Progress 2 (1): 53-68.

Schweigkofler, W., K. Lopandic, O. Molnár & H. Prillinger. 2002. Analysis of phylogenetic relationships among Ascomycota with yeast phases using ribosomal DNA sequences and cell wall sugars. Organisms Diversity & Evolution 2: 1-17.

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[edit] Credits

Credits ATW041116, this page MAK061005, phylogeny CKT070807