Bilateria

From Palaeos

<==Bilateria [Coelomata, Enterocoela, Heteraxonia, Metahelminthes]
   |  i. s.: Titerina rokycanensis Kraft & Mergl 1989
   |         Oesia disjuncta Walcott 1911
   |         Ruedemannella Howell 1959 [=Bertiella Ruedemann 1925 non Stiles & Hassall 1902]
   |           `--R. obesa
   |--Mesozoa
   |    |--Pseudicyema [Dicyemedia]
   |    `--Orthonectida
   |         |--Pelmatosphaera [Heteronectidae, Pelmatosphaeridae]
   |         |    `--P. polycirri
   |         `--Rhopaluridae [Orthonectidae]
   |              |--Rhopalura Giard 1877
   |              |    |--*R. ophiocomae Giard 1877 (see below for synonymy)
   |              |    |--R. elongata Shtein 1953
   |              |    |--R. granosa Atkins 1933
   |              |    |--R. intoshi Metschnikoff 1881
   |              |    |--R. litoralis Shtein 1953
   |              |    |--R. major Shtein 1953
   |              |    |--R. murmanica Shtein 1953
   |              |    |--R. pelseneeri Caullery & Mesnil 1901 (see below for synonymy)
   |              |    |--R. philinae Lang 1954
   |              |    `--R. pterocirri Saint-Joseph 1896
   |              |--Intoshia Giard 1877
   |              |    |--*I. linei Giard 1877
   |              |    |--I. leptoplanae Giard 1877 [incl. Prothelminthus hessi Jourdain 1880]
   |              |    |--I. metchnikovi Caullery & Mesnil 1899
   |              |    |--I. paraphanostomae (Westblad 1942) [=Rhopalura paraphanostomae]
   |              |    `--I. variabilis Alexandrov & Slyusarev 1992
   |              |--Ciliocincta Kozloff 1965
   |              |    |--*C. sabellariae Kozloff 1965
   |              |    |--C. akkeshiensis Tajika 1979
   |              |    `--C. julini (Caullery & Mesnil 1899)
   |              `--Stoecharthrum Caullery & Mesnil 1899
   |                   `--*S. giardi Caullery & Mesnil 1899
   |--Acoelomorpha [Archoophora]
   |    |  i. s.: Avagina
   |    |           |--A. glandulifera
   |    |           |--A. incola [=Haplodiscus incola]
   |    |           `--A. vivipara
   |    |         Faerlea echinocardii
   |    |         Otocoelis chirodotae
   |    |--Acoela
   |    `--Nemertodermatida
   |         |--Nemertoderma bathycola Steinböck 1930
   |         |--Meara stichopi
   |         |--Nemertinoides elongatus
   |         `--Sterreria psammicola (Sterrer 1970)
   `--Eutriploblastica
        |--+--Dickinsonia [Dickinsoniida, Dickinsoniidae, Dipleurozoa]
        |  |    |--D. costata
        |  |    `--D. rex
        |  `--+--Odontogriphidae
        |     |    |--Odontogriphus omalus Conway Morris 1976
        |     |    `--Bowengriphus Ritchie & Edgecombe 2001
        |     |         `--*B. perphlegis Ritchie & Edgecombe 2001
        |     `--Deuterostomia
        `--Protostomia (see below for synonymy)
             |  i. s.: Cambrotentacus Zhang, Shu et al. 2001
             |           `--*C. sanwuia Zhang, Shu et al. 2001
             |--Ecdysozoa
             `--Spiralia [Acoelomata, Lophophorata]
                  |  i. s.: Phlogites [incl. Cheungkongella Shu, Chen et al. 2001]
                  |           `--‘*Cheungkongella’ ancestralis Shu, Chen et al. 2001
                  |--Lophozoa
                  |    |--Bryozoa
                  |    `--Trochozoa
                  `--Platyzoa [Plathelminthomorpha]
                       |--Platyhelminthes
                       `--Acanthognatha [Gnathifera]
                            |--Neotrichozoa [Monokonta]
                            |    |--Gastrotricha
                            |    `--Gnathostomulida
                            `--Promastigozoa [Procoelomata]
                                 |--Symbion [Cycliophora]
                                 |    |--S. americanus
                                 |    `--S. pandora
                                 |--Myzostomida
                                 `--Syndermata

Protostomia [Aschelminthes, Cycloneuralia, Eutrochozoa, Gephyrea, Nemathelminthes, Parenchymia, Polyzoa, Proterostoma, Pseudocoelomata, Schizocoela]

Rhopalura ophiocomae [incl. R. giardii Metschnikoff 1879, Intoshia gigas Giard 1879]

Rhopalura pelseneeri Caullery & Mesnil 1901 [incl. R. pelseneeri var. vermiculicola Caullery 1914]

* Type species of genus indicated

[edit] References

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Cameron, C. B., J. R. Garey & B. J. Swalla. 2000. Evolution of the chordate body plan: New insights from phylogenetic analyses of deuterostome phyla. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 97 (9): 4469-4474.

Cavalier-Smith, T. 1998. A revised six-kingdom system of life. Biological Reviews 73: 203-266.

Chen, J.-Y., D.-Y. Huang, Q.-Q. Peng, H.-M. Chi, Z.-Q. Wang & M. Feng. 2003. The first tunicate from the Early Cambrian of South China. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 100 (14): 8314-8318.

Conway Morris, S. 1998. The Crucible of Creation. Oxford University Press: Oxford.

Daugherty, C. H., G. W. Gibbs & R. A. Hitchmough. 1993. Mega-island or micro-continent? New Zealand and its fauna. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 8 (12): 437-442.

Dzik, J. 1995. Yunnanozoon and the ancestry of chordates. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 40: 341-360.

Giribet, G. 2002. Current advances in the phylogenetic reconstruction of metazoan evolution. A new paradigm for the Cambrian explosion? Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 24: 345-357.

Giribet, G., D. L. Distel, M. Polz, W. Sterrer & W. C. Wheeler. 2000. Triploblastic relationships with emphasis on the acoelomates and the position of Gnathostomulida, Cycliophora, Plathelminthes, and Chaetognatha: A combined approach of 18S rDNA sequences and morphology. Systematic Biology 49: 539-562.

Giribet, G., A. Okusu, A. R. Lindgren, S. W. Huff, M. Schrödl & M. K. Nishiguchi. 2006. Evidence for a clade composed of molluscs with serially repeated structures: Monoplacophorans are related to chitons. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 103 (20): 7723-7728.

Hooge, M. D. 2001. Evolution of body-wall musculature in the Platyhelminthes (Acoelomorpha, Catenulida, Rhabditophora). Journal of Morphology 249: 171-194.

Kozloff, E. N. 1992. The genera of the phylum Orthonectida. Cahiers de Biologie Marine 33: 377-406.

Miller, S. A., & J. P. Harley. 1996. Zoology (3rd ed.) Wm. C. Brown Publishers: Dubuque (Iowa).

Ritchie, A., & G. D. Edgecombe. 2001. An odontogriphid from the Upper Permian of Australia. Palaeontology 44 (5): 861-874.

Shu, D.-G., L. Chen, J. Han & X.-L. Zhang. 2001. An Early Cambrian tunicate from China. Nature 411: 472-473.

Slyusarev, G. S. 2003. The fine structure of the muscle system in the female of the orthonectid Intoshia variabilis (Orthonectida). Acta Zoologica 84: 107-111.

Sun W. G., Wang G. X. & Zhou B. H. 1986. Macroscopic worm-like body fossils from the upper Precambrian (900-700 Ma), Hiainan district, Anhui, China and their stratigraphic and evolutionary significance. Precambrian Research 31: 377-403.

Szaniawski, H. 2002. New evidence for the protoconodont origin of chaetognaths. Acta Paleontologica Polonica 47 (3): 405-419.

Williamson, D. I. 2001. Larval transfer and the origins of larvae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 131: 111-122.

Zhang, X., D. Shu, Y. Li & J. Han. 2001. New sites of Chenjiang fossils: Crucial windows on the Cambrian explosion. Journal of the Geological Society 158: 211-218.

Zrzavý, J., V. Hypša & D. F. Tietz. 2001. Myzostomida are not annelids: Molecular and morphological support for a clade of animals with anterior sperm flagella. Cladistics 17: 170-198.

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