Camerata

From Palaeos

o Echinodermata
`--+--Echmatocrinus brachiatus
   `--o Crinoidea
      |--Aethocrinida
      `--+--Disparida
         `--+--Camerata
            `--Cladida (incl. Flexibilia and Articulata)

[edit] Introduction

The Camerata are the largest group of Paleozoic crinoids. They range from the Early Ordovician to the Permian, and are especially common in the Early Carboniferous.

[edit] Description

All the plates of the calyx are rigidly bound and are usually thick. The tegmen (the upper part of the calyx) is large and robust with many sutured plates, and conceals the mouth and lower food grooves.

The lower brachial plates and usually the interradial plates form part of the calyx. There is no radianal plate. Many forms have an anal tube.

The arms are biserial and are always pinnulate (possessing pinnules). The lower part of the arms are incorporated into the cup.

[edit] Phylogeny

<==Camerata (see below for synonymy)
   |  i. s.: ‘Astrocrinites’ Austin 1843 non Conrad 1841
   |         Becharocrinus Termier & Termier 1956 (see below for synonymy)
   |           `--*B. paradoxus (Termier & Termier 1950) [=*Triacrinus paradoxus]
   |         Coronocrinus Hall 1859
   |           `--*C. polydactylus Hall 1859
   |         Craspedocrinus Dahmer 1921
   |           `--*C. schmidti Dahmer 1921
   |         Helicocrinus Chapman 1903
   |           `--*H. plumosus Chapman 1903
   |         Mitrocrinus Miller & Gurley 1894 [Mitrocrinidae]
   |           `--*M. wetherbyi Miller & Gurley 1894
   |         Pachyocrinus Billings 1859 [=Pachycrinus Scudder 1882 non Eichwald 1860 (nom. vet.)]
   |           `--*P. crassibasalis Billings 1859 [=*Pachycrinus crassibasalis]
   |         Phillipsocrinus M’Coy 1844
   |           `--*P. caryocrinoides M’Coy 1844
   |         Tetramerocrinites Austin & Austin 1843 (see below for synonymy)
   |           `--*T. formosus Austin & Austin 1843 [=*Tetramerocrinus formosus]
   |         Trochocrinites Portlock 1843 [=Trochocrinus Bather 1900]
   |           `--*T. laevis Portlock 1843 [=*Trochocrinus laevis]
   |--Monobathrida [Monobathra]
   |    |  i. s.: Atalocrinus Eckert & Brett 2001 [Atalocrinacea, Atalocrinidae]
   |    |           `--*A. arctus Eckert & Brett 2001
   |    |         *Celtocrinus ubaghsi
   |    |--Compsocrinina
   |    `--Glyptocrinina
   `--Diplobathrida [Diplobathra]
        |--Eudiplobathrina
        |    |--Rhodocrinitacea
        |    `--+--Dimerocrinitacea
        |       `--Nyctocrinus Springer 1926 [Nyctocrinacea, Nyctocrinicae, Nyctocrinidae]
        |            `--*N. magnitubus Springer 1926
        `--Zygodiplobathrina
             |--Cleiocrinus Billings 1857 (see below for synonymy)
             |    |--*C. regius Billings 1857
             |    |--C. sculptus
             |    `--C. tesselatus (Troost 1850) [=*Campanulites tesselatus]
             `--Spyridiocrinidae
                  |--Katarocrinus Waagen & Jahn in Jaekel 1918
                  `--Spyridiocrinus Oehlert 1889 [incl. Lahuseniocrinus Chernyshev 1893]
                       |--*S. cheuxi Oehlert 1889
                       `--‘*Lahuseniocrinus’ tirlensis Chernyshev 1893

Becharocrinus Termier & Termier 1956 [=Triacrinus Termier & Termier 1950 nec Münster 1839 nec Ringueberg 1884]

Camerata [Camarata, Camerida, Cladocrinoidea, Sphaeroidocrinacea, Sphaeroidocrinidae, Sphaeroidocrinoidea, Spheroidae]

Cleiocrinus Billings 1857 [=Cleistocrinus (l. c.) non Springer 1920, Cliocrinus (l. c.); incl. Campanulites Troost 1850 (n. n.); Cleiocrinidae]

Tetramerocrinites Austin & Austin 1843 [=Tetracrinites Austin & Austin 1842 (n. n.), Tetramerocrinus Huxley & Etheridge 1865]

* Type species of generic name indicated

[edit] References

Anon. 1978. Unassigned taxa. In Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt. T. Echinodermata 2. Crinoidea (R. C. Moore & C. Teichert, eds.) vol. 3 p. T928. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

Ausich, W. I. 1998. Early phylogeny and subclass division of the Crinoidea (phylum Echinodermata). Journal of Paleontology 72 (3): 499-510.

Eckert, J. D., & C. E. Brett. 2001. Early Silurian (Llandovery) crinoids from the Lower Clinton Group, western New York State. Bulletins of American Paleontology 360: 1-88.

Fenton, C.L., & Fenton, M.A., 1958, The Fossil Book, Doubleday & Co., NY

Jaekel, O. 1918. Phylogenie und System der Pelmatozoen. Paläontologische Zeitschrift 3: 1-128.

Moore, R. C., C. G. Lalicker & A. G. Fischer. 1952. Invertebrate Fossils. McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc.: NY.

Ubaghs, G. 1978a. Skeletal morphology of fossil crinoids. In Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt. T. Echinodermata 2. Crinoidea (R. C. Moore & C. Teichert, eds.) vol. 1 pp. T58-T216. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

Ubaghs, G. 1978b. Camerata. In Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt. T. Echinodermata 2. Crinoidea (R. C. Moore & C. Teichert, eds.) vol. 2 pp. T408-T519. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

Ubaghs, G., N. G. Lane, H. Weinberg Rasmussen & H. L. Strimple. 1978. Evolution. In Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt. T. Echinodermata 2. Crinoidea (R. C. Moore & C. Teichert, eds.) vol. 2 pp. T275-T316. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

Waters, J. A., C. G. Maples, N. G. Lane, S. Marcus, Liao Z.-T., Liu L., Hou H.-F. & Wang J.-X. 2003. A quadrupling of Famennian pelmatozoan diversity: New Late Devonian blastoids and crinoids from northwest China. Journal of Paleontology 77 (5): 922-948.

[edit] Credits

CKT080320 (Phylogeny); MAK061201 (Description)