Cyanobacteria

From Palaeos

Anabaena sperica, a filamentous cyanobacterium (Phycobacteria, Nostocales, Nostocaceae)

LUCA
|--Eubacteria (note)
|  |--Clostridea 
|  `--Cyanobacteria
|        see phylogeny section (below) for subgroups
`--Neomura
   |--Archaea
   `--Eukarya

The blue-green ‘algae’, probably the most familiar bacterial clade, and one of the few to be recognised before the advent of molecular data (the other was the Spirochaetes). Characterised by oxygenic photosynthesis with chlorophyll a. Flagella absent. A single genus, Gloeobacter, is recognisably basal to all others in lacking thylakoids. The clade Phycobacteria contains all other cyanobacteria, and has the chlorophyll contained in thylakoids. Phycobacteria have traditionally been divided into five orders on the basis of morphological colony characters. Chloroplasts are derived from Phycobacteria, though from which subclade is still unknown.

[edit] Phylogeny

<==Cyanobacteria [Chroococcales, Coccogoneae, Cyanophyceae, Cyanophyta, Myxophyceae, Myxophyta]
   |  i. s.: Grypania
   |         Bangiomorpha
   |         Umezakia natans
   |         Aphanothece halophytica
   |         Porostromata
   |         Epiphyton
   |         Thermosynechococcus elongatus
   |         Anacystis nidulans
   |         Satpulispora
   |           |--S. microreticulata
   |           |--S. minuta
   |           `--S. psilata
   |         Aphralysiaceae
   |         Chamaesiphon
   |         Gleocapsa
   |         Synechocystis
   |         Sphaerophycus Schopf 1968
   |           |--*S. parvum Schopf 1968
   |           |--S. medium
   |           |--S. reticulatum
   |           |--S. tetragonalis Muir 1976
   |           `--S. wilsonii
   |         Entophysalidaceae
   |         Chroococcaceae
   |         ‘Diplocystis’ Trevisan 1848 (nom. rej.) non Berkeley & Curtis 1869
   |         Crocosphaera watsonii
   |         Coelosphaerium Nageli 1849
   |           `--C. kuetzingianum Nageli 1849
   |--Gloeobacter [Gloeobacterales, Gloeobacteria]
   |    `--G. violaceus
   `--Phycobacteria (see below for synonymy)
        |  i. s.: Symploca hydnoides
        |         Halomicronema excentricum
        |         Starria
        |         Crinalium
        |--‘Oscillatoria’ limnetica
        `--+--Phormidium
           |    |--P. ambiguum
           |    |--P. crosbyanum
           |    |--P. ectocarpi
           |    |--P. hendersonii
           |    |--P. laminosum
           |    |--P. laysanense
           |    `--P. mucicola
           `--+--+--‘Oscillatoria’ neglecta
              |  `--+--+--Plectonema
              |     |  `--Prochlorothrix [Prochlorotrichaceae]
              |     |       `--P. hollandica
              |     `--+--+--‘Microcystis’ elabens
              |        |  `--‘Microcystis’ holsatica
              |        `--+--Prochlorococcus [Prochlorococcaceae]
              |           |    `--P. marinus
              |           `--Synechococcus
              |                |--S. elongatus
              |                |    |--S. e. f. elongatus
              |                |    `--S. e. f. thermalis
              |                |--S. eximius
              |                |--S. leopoliensis
              |                `--S. lividus
              `--+--+--+--Pseudanabaena
                 |  |  `--Oscillatoriaceae
                 |  `--+--Hormogoneae
                 |     `--+--Merismopedia glauca
                 |        `--Leptolyngbya
                 |             |--L. boryana
                 |             `--L. foveolarum
                 `--+--+--Prochloron [Prochloraceae]
                    |  |    `--P. didemni
                    |  `--Pleurocapsales
                    |       |--Pleurocapsa
                    |       |--Stanieria cyanosphaera
                    |       |--Dermocarpa
                    |       |--Chroococcidiopsis
                    |       |--Xenococcus
                    |       |--Dermocarpella
                    |       `--Myxosarcina
                    `--+--+--Halospirulina
                       |  `--Spirulina
                       |       |--S. labyrinthiformis
                       |       |--‘S. laxissima’
                       |       |--S. platensis
                       |       `--S. subsalsa
                       `--+--+--Halothece
                          |  `--+--Euhalothece
                          |     `--Dactylococcopsis
                          |          |--D. echini
                          |          `--D. salina
                          `--+--+--Cyanothece
                             |  `--Gloeothece membranacea
                             `--Microcystis
                                  |--M. aeruginosa
                                  |--M. flos-aquae (Wittrock) Kirchner 1900
                                  |--M. ichthyoblabe
                                  |--M. novacekii
                                  |--M. viridis
                                  `--M. wesenbergii

Phycobacteria [Chroobacteria, Oscillatoriales, Oxychlorobacteria, Prochlorales, Prochlorophyta]

* Type species of generic name indicated

[edit] References

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Alcock, F. J. 1938. Geology of Saint John region, New Brunswick. Geological Survey of Canada Memoir 216: 1-65.

Amann, R. I., W. Ludwig & K.-H. Schleifer. 1995. Phylogenetic identification and in situ detection of individual microbial cells without cultivation. Microbiological Reviews 59 (1): 143-169.

Barel, C. D. N., & P. G. N. Kramers. 1977. A survey of the echinoderm associates of the north-east Atlantic area. Zoologische Verhandelingen 156: 1-159.

Cavalier-Smith, T. 2002. The neomuran origin of archaebacteria, the negibacterial root of the universal tree and bacterial megaclassification. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 52: 7-76.

Fensome, R. A., F. J. R. Taylor, G. Norris, W. A. S. Sarjeant, D. I. Wharton & G. L. Williams. 1993. A classification of living and fossil dinoflagellates. Micropaleontology Special Publication 7: i-viii, 1-351.

Gupta, R. S., M. Pereira, C. Chandrasekara & V. Johari. 2003. Molecular signatures in protein sequences that are characteristic of cyanobacteria and plastid homologues. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 53: 1833-1842.

John, J., & A. Kemp. 2006. Cyanobacterial blooms in the wetlands of the Perth region, taxonomy and distribution: an overview. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 89 (2): 51-56.

Kumar, S., & P. Srivastava. 1992. Middle to late Proterozoic microbiota from the Deoban Limestone, Garhwal Himalaya, India. Precambrian Research 56: 291-318.

Litvaitis, M. K. 2002. A molecular test of cyanobacterial phylogeny: Inferences from constraint analyses. Hydrobiologia 468: 135-145.

Meel, L. van. 1970. Etudes limnologiques en Belgique. VI.–Les méandres de la Durme à Hamme (Province de Flandre Orientale). Bulletin de l’Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique 46 (13): 1-56.

Melkonian, M., & D. Mollenhauer. 2005. Robert Lauterborn (1869 – 1952) and his Paulinella chromatophora. Protist 156: 253-262.

Moffitt, M. C., & B. A. Neilan. 2003. Evolutionary affiliations within the superfamily of ketosynthases reflect complex pathway associations. Journal of Molecular Evolution 56: 446-457.

Müller, V., & A. Oren. 2003. Metabolism of chloride in halophilic prokaryotes. Extremophiles 7: 261-266.

Philippe, H., & P. Forterre. 1999. The rooting of the universal tree of life is not reliable. Journal of Molecular Evolution 49: 509-523.

Prescott, L. M., J. P. Harley & D. A. Klein. 1996. Microbiology (3rd ed.) Wm. C. Brown Publishers: Dubuque (Iowa).

Rodríguez-Ezpeleta, N., H. Brinkmann, S. C. Burey, B. Roure, G. Burger, W. Löffelhardt, H. J. Bohnert, H. Philippe & B. F. Lang. 2005. Monophyly of primary photosynthetic eukaryotes: green plants, red algae, and glaucophytes. Current Biology 15: 1325-1330.

Tewari, V. C. 1984. Stromatolites and Precambrian-Lower Cambrian biostratigraphy of the Lesser Himalaya. Proc. Vth India Geophytol. Conf., Lucknow (1983), Spec. Publ. 1984: 71-97.

Vachard, D., M. Hauser, R. Martini, L. Zaninetti, A. Matter & T. Peters. 2001. New algae and problematica of algal affinity from the Permian of the Aseelah Unit of the Batain Plain (East Oman). Geobios 34 (4): 375-404.

Xiao, S. 2004. New multicellular algal fossils and acritarchs in Doushantuo chert nodules (Neoproterozoic; Yangtze Gorges, south China). Journal of Paleontology 78 (2): 393-401.

Credits

intro CKT060929, menu MAK061101, phylogeny CKT080121