Cyanobacteria

From Palaeos.org

Anabaena sperica, a filamentous cyanobacterium (Phycobacteria, Nostocales, Nostocaceae)

LUCA
|--Eubacteria (note)
|  |--Clostridea 
|  `--Cyanobacteria
|        see phylogeny section (below) for subgroups
`--Neomura
   |--Archaea
   `--Eukarya

The blue-green ‘algae’, possibly the most familiar bacterial clade, and one of the few to be recognised before the advent of molecular data (the other was the Spirochaetes). Characterised by oxygenic photosynthesis with chlorophyll a. Flagella absent. A single genus, Gloeobacter, is recognisably basal to all others in lacking thylakoids. The clade Phycobacteria contains all other cyanobacteria, and has the chlorophyll contained in thylakoids. Phycobacteria have traditionally been divided into five orders on the basis of morphological colony characters. Chloroplasts are derived from Phycobacteria, though from which subclade is still unknown.

[edit] Phylogeny

<==Cyanobacteria (see below for synonymy)
   |  i. s.: Grypania Walter, Oehler & Oehler 1976
   |           `--*G. spiralis (Walcott) Walter, Oehler & Oehler 1976 (see below for synonymy)
   |         Bangiomorpha
   |         Umezakia natans
   |         Aphanothece halophytica
   |         Epiphyton
   |         Thermosynechococcus elongatus
   |         Anacystis nidulans
   |         Satpulispora
   |           |--S. microreticulata
   |           |--S. minuta
   |           `--S. psilata
   |         Aphralysiaceae
   |         Chamaesiphon
   |         Gleocapsa
   |         Synechocystis
   |         Sphaerophycus Schopf 1968
   |           |--*S. parvum Schopf 1968
   |           |--S. medium
   |           |--S. reticulatum
   |           |--S. tetragonalis Muir 1976
   |           `--S. wilsonii
   |         Entophysalidaceae
   |         Chroococcaceae
   |         ‘Diplocystis’ Trevisan 1848 (nom. rej.) non Berkeley & Curtis 1869
   |         Crocosphaera watsonii
   |         Coelosphaerium Nageli 1849
   |           `--C. kuetzingianum Nageli 1849
   |         Halysis Høeg 1932 [incl. Flabellia Shuysky 1973; Girvanellaceae, Porostromata]
   |           `--*H. moniliformis Høeg 1932 (see below for synonymy)
   |         Paraphralysia Vachard in Vachard & Beckary 1991
   |         Polymorphodium Derville 1931
   |         Tscherdyncevella Antropov 1950 [Chabakoviaceae]
   |--Gloeobacter [Gloeobacterales, Gloeobacteria]
   |    `--G. violaceus
   `--Phycobacteria (see below for synonymy)
        |  i. s.: Symploca hydnoides
        |         Halomicronema excentricum
        |         Starria
        |         Crinalium
        |--‘Oscillatoria’ limnetica
        `--+--Phormidium
           |    |--P. ambiguum
           |    |--P. crosbyanum
           |    |--P. ectocarpi
           |    |--P. hendersonii
           |    |--P. laminosum
           |    |--P. laysanense
           |    `--P. mucicola
           `--+--+--‘Oscillatoria’ neglecta
              |  `--+--+--Plectonema
              |     |  `--Prochlorothrix [Prochlorotrichaceae]
              |     |       `--P. hollandica
              |     `--+--+--‘Microcystis’ elabens
              |        |  `--‘Microcystis’ holsatica
              |        `--+--Prochlorococcus [Prochlorococcaceae]
              |           |    `--P. marinus
              |           `--Synechococcus
              |                |--S. elongatus
              |                |    |--S. e. f. elongatus
              |                |    `--S. e. f. thermalis
              |                |--S. eximius
              |                |--S. leopoliensis
              |                `--S. lividus
              `--+--+--+--Pseudoanabaena
                 |  |  `--Oscillatoriaceae
                 |  `--+--Hormogoneae
                 |     `--+--Merismopedia glauca
                 |        `--Leptolyngbya
                 |             |--L. boryana
                 |             `--L. foveolarum
                 `--+--+--Prochloron [Prochloraceae]
                    |  |    `--P. didemni
                    |  `--Pleurocapsales
                    |       |--Pleurocapsa
                    |       |--Stanieria cyanosphaera
                    |       |--Dermocarpa Crouan 1858
                    |       |    `--D. olivacea
                    |       |--Chroococcidiopsis
                    |       |--Xenococcus
                    |       |--Dermocarpella
                    |       `--Myxosarcina
                    `--+--+--Halospirulina
                       |  `--Spirulina
                       |       |--S. labyrinthiformis
                       |       |--‘S. laxissima’
                       |       |--S. platensis
                       |       `--S. subsalsa
                       `--+--+--Halothece
                          |  `--+--Euhalothece
                          |     `--Dactylococcopsis
                          |          |--D. echini
                          |          `--D. salina
                          `--+--+--Cyanothece
                             |  `--Gloeothece membranacea
                             `--Microcystis Kutzing 1833
                                  |--M. aeruginosa
                                  |--M. flos-aquae (Wittrock) Kirchner 1900
                                  |--M. ichthyoblabe
                                  |--M. novacekii
                                  |--M. viridis
                                  `--M. wesenbergii

Cyanobacteria [Chroococcales, Chroocophyceae, Coccogoneae, Cyanophyceae, Cyanophyta, Myxophyceae, Myxophyta]

*Grypania spiralis (Walcott) Walter, Oehler & Oehler 1976 [=Helminthoidichnites spiralis Walcott 1899; incl. Montfortia filiformis Lebesconte 1886, Arenicolites spiralis Billings 1872, A. (Spiroscolex) spirales Dawson 1897]

*Halysis moniliformis Høeg 1932 [incl. *Flabellia basifixa Shuysky 1973, H. sphaericus Saltovskaya 1984, F. ufensis Shuysky 1973]

Phycobacteria [Chroobacteria, Oscillatoriales, Oxychlorobacteria, Prochlorales, Prochlorophyta]

* Type species of generic name indicated

[edit] References

Abed, R. M. M., S. Golubic, F. Garcia-Pichel, G. F. Camoin & S. Sprachta. 2003. Characterization of microbialite-forming cyanobacteria in a tropical lagoon: Tikehau Atoll, Tuamotu, French Polynesia. Journal of Phycology 39: 862-873.

Barel, C. D. N., & P. G. N. Kramers. 1977. A survey of the echinoderm associates of the north-east Atlantic area. Zoologische Verhandelingen 156: 1-159.

Cavalier-Smith, T. 2002. The neomuran origin of archaebacteria, the negibacterial root of the universal tree and bacterial megaclassification. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 52: 7-76.

Fensome, R. A., F. J. R. Taylor, G. Norris, W. A. S. Sarjeant, D. I. Wharton & G. L. Williams. 1993. A classification of living and fossil dinoflagellates. Micropaleontology Special Publication 7: i-viii, 1-351.

Gupta, R. S., M. Pereira, C. Chandrasekara & V. Johari. 2003. Molecular signatures in protein sequences that are characteristic of cyanobacteria and plastid homologues. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 53: 1833-1842.

Höfling, R., & R. W. Scott. 2002. Early and Mid-Cretaceous buildups. SEPM Special Publication 72: 521-548.

Hofmann, H. J. 1985. The mid-Proterozoic Little Dal macrobiota, Mackenzzie Mountains, north-west Canada. Palaeontology 28 (2): 332-354.

John, J., & A. Kemp. 2006. Cyanobacterial blooms in the wetlands of the Perth region, taxonomy and distribution: an overview. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 89 (2): 51-56.

Kaehler, S. 1998. The non-coralline epilithic encrusting algae of Hong Kong II: Additions and identification. Asian Marine Biology 15: 1-17.

Kumar, S., & P. Srivastava. 1992. Middle to late Proterozoic microbiota from the Deoban Limestone, Garhwal Himalaya, India. Precambrian Research 56: 291-318.

Litvaitis, M. K. 2002. A molecular test of cyanobacterial phylogeny: Inferences from constraint analyses. Hydrobiologia 468: 135-145.

Meel, L. van. 1970. Etudes limnologiques en Belgique. VI.–Les méandres de la Durme à Hamme (Province de Flandre Orientale). Bulletin de l’Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique 46 (13): 1-56.

Melkonian, M., & D. Mollenhauer. 2005. Robert Lauterborn (1869 – 1952) and his Paulinella chromatophora. Protist 156: 253-262.

Moffitt, M. C., & B. A. Neilan. 2003. Evolutionary affiliations within the superfamily of ketosynthases reflect complex pathway associations. Journal of Molecular Evolution 56: 446-457.

Müller, V., & A. Oren. 2003. Metabolism of chloride in halophilic prokaryotes. Extremophiles 7: 261-266.

Munnecke, A., T. Servais & D. Vachard. 2000. A new family of calcareous microfossils from the Silurian of Gotland, Sweden. Palaeontology 43 (6): 1153-1172.

Munnecke, A., T. Servais & D. Vachard. 2001. Halysis Høeg, 1932 – a problematic Cyanophyceae: new evidence from the Silurian of Gotland (Sweden). Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie – Monatshefte 2001 (1): 21-42.

Prescott, L. M., J. P. Harley & D. A. Klein. 1996. Microbiology (3rd ed.) Wm. C. Brown Publishers: Dubuque (Iowa).

Rodríguez-Ezpeleta, N., H. Brinkmann, S. C. Burey, B. Roure, G. Burger, W. Löffelhardt, H. J. Bohnert, H. Philippe & B. F. Lang. 2005. Monophyly of primary photosynthetic eukaryotes: green plants, red algae, and glaucophytes. Current Biology 15: 1325-1330.

Tewari, V. C. 1984. Stromatolites and Precambrian-Lower Cambrian biostratigraphy of the Lesser Himalaya. Proc. Vth India Geophytol. Conf., Lucknow (1983), Spec. Publ. 1984: 71-97.

Vachard, D., M. Hauser, R. Martini, L. Zaninetti, A. Matter & T. Peters. 2001. New algae and problematica of algal affinity from the Permian of the Aseelah Unit of the Batain Plain (East Oman). Geobios 34 (4): 375-404.

Credits

intro CKT060929, menu MAK061101, phylogeny Christopher 01:08, 5 September 2008 (PDT)