Eukarya phylogeny
From Palaeos
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[edit] Organization
Our original concept was to adopt a phylogenetic organization, similar to our approach to the Vertebrates. Unfortunately, the study of the basal Eukarya ("Protistology"), is at some distance yet from the kind of phylogenetic certainty that prevails among the vertebrates. Nevertheless, after 18 months of experimentation, we're now convinced that our current "best-guess cladogram" is fairly stable. So, with considerable trepidation, we're trotting out this tree for testing. In simplified, form, it proceeds as follows:
<==EUKARYA |--Metamonada `--+--Discicristata `--+--Rhizaria `--"Metabiotiformes" |--+--Chromalveolata | | |--Alveolata | | `--Chromista | `--Plantae | |--Rhodophyta | `--CHLOROBIONTA `--+--Amoebozoa `--Opisthokonta |--FUNGI `--METAZOA
The derivation of this arrangement is discussed at Top Level Cladograms.
The clade uniting plants and animals doesn't seem to have a name, so we have given it one, "Metabiotiformes," for convenience. Until more of the high-level taxa are filled in, your best bet will probably be to consult the alphabetical index of taxa.
[edit] Alternative phylogeny
The following represents an alternative phylogeny, based largely on Cavalier-Smith (2002). Though at first glance it may appear quite different from the previous tree, a closer look will show that it actually differs only in the position of the root - between bikonts (eukaryotes with flagella in pairs) and unikonts (eukaryotes with singleton flagella), rather than within Excavata (Metamonada + Discicristata). Because there are rather a lot of them, I've listed taxa incertae sedis after the tree rather than within it.
<==Eukaryota (see below tree for synonyms) |--Unikonta | |--Amoebozoa | `--Opisthokonta (includes Fungi and Animalia) `--Bikonta [Biciliata, Phytomastigophorea] |--Apusozoa `--+--Corticata (includes Plantae, Chromista and Alveolata) `--Cabozoa |--Excavata `--Rhizaria (see below for synonymy) | i. s.: Stylatractus universus | Lithocyclia | Amphitholus Haeckel 1887 | Wetzelodinium Deflandre 1936 |--Radiozoa `--+--Cercozoa `--Foraminifera
Eukaryota [Actinopodea, Alternatia, Archaeprotista, Archimycetes, Autotractea, Cnidosporidia, Cyclia, Fungilli, Gymnomycota, Gymnomyxa, Heliozoa, Heliozoia, Heterozooflagellata, Histionia, Hydraulea, Isomita, Metakaryota, Mycetozoia, Myxothallophyta, Neomonada, Neosporidia, Neozoa, Panstomata, Phycomycetes, Plasmodroma, Protista, Protoctista, Protomycota, Protophyta, Protoplasta, Protozoa, Rhizoflagellata, Rhizopoda, Sarcodina, Sarcomastigophora, Sarcomastigota, Zoomastigina, Zoomastigophorea]
Rhizaria [Actinopoda, Granuloreticulosa, Granuloreticulosia, Radiolaria, Retaria, Reticulosa]
Eukaryota incertae sedis: Melanocyrillium Trachyhystrichosphaera Chitinozoa Haemogregarina aeglefini Haemohormidium terraenovae Mycelites ossifragus Pseudodevescovina uniflagellata Plagiopyxis |--P. callida `--P. declivis Dictyoporus Corollolithion kennedyi Helenea chiastia Lithraphidites acutus Rhagodiscus asper Marthasterites Deflandre 1959 `--M. furcatus Eiffelithus |--E. eximius `--E. turriseiffelli Lithastrinus septenarius Eprolithus |--E. moratus `--E. octopetalus Micula decussata Quadrum gartneri Calculites anfractus Reinhardites antophorus Lucianorhabdus cayeuxii Lithocodium aggregatum Gonium |--G. pectorale `--G. sociale Cinetidomyxa chattoni Discobotellina biperforata Lagenidiopsis Golemansky 1974 |--L. ancora Sudzuki 1979 |--L. elegans (Gruber 1884) `--L. valkanovi Golemansky 1974 Pseudolagenidiopsis Sudzuki 1979 `--P. golemanskyi Sudzuki 1979 Voluta Chardez 1972 `--V. hemispiralis Chardez 1972 Pseudovolutella Sudzuki 1979 `--P. iriomotensis Sudzuki 1979 Trichosporon cutaneum Spirophyton Bicorium Maslov 1956 `--*B. kusbassense Maslov 1956 Archaeolithothamnium |--A. irinae Maslov 1956 `--A. saipanense [=Sporolithon saipanense] Wengania Zhang 1989 |--*W. globosa Zhang 1989 |--W. exquisita Zhang, Yin et al. 1998 `--W. minuta Xiao 2004 Paratetraphycus giganteus Zhang 1985 Meghystricosphaeridium Zhang, Yin et al. 1998 |--*M. chadianensis (Chen & Liu 1986) (see below for synonymy) |--M. densum (Kolosova 1991) Zhang, Yin et al. 1998 |--M. gracilentum (Yin in Yin & Liu 1988) Zhang, Yin et al. 1998 |--M. magnificum Zhang, Yin et al. 1998 |--M. perfectum (Kolosova 1991) Zhang, Yin et al. 1998 `--M. reticulatum Dicrospinasphaera Yuan & Hofmann 1998 `--*D. zhangii Yuan & Hofmann 1998 Apodostoides basileus Zhang et al. 1998 Tianzhushania spinosa Yin & Li 1978 Ericiasphaera |--E. magna (Zhang 1984) |--E. rigida `--E. sparsa Asterocapsoides sinensis Cerionopora ordinata [incl. Bacatisphaera baokangensis] Briareus borealis Knoll 1992 Castaneasphaera speciosa Cymatiosphaeroides yinii Distosphaera speciosa Zhang et al. 1998 Echinosphaeridium maximum Eotylotopalla |--E. dactylos `--E. delicata Filisphaeridium Goniosphaeridium |--G. acuminatum |--G. conoideum `--G. cratum Leiosphaeridia tenuissima Lophosphaeridium Mastosphaera changyangensis Micrhystridium Papillomembrana compta Pustulisphaera membranacea Sinosphaera rupina Vulcanisphaera phacelosa Gremiphyca corymbiata Zhang et al. 1998 Paramecia incognata Zhang & Yuan 1992 Thallophycoides phloeatus Zhang & Yuan 1992 Monas stigmatica Iodamoeba butschlii Steatonyssus murinus Osagia monolamellosa Radiosus radialis Granomarginata |--G. dhalli |--G. primitiva `--G. simlaensis Griffonia simplicifolia Mizzia |--M. velebitana Schubert 1908 `--M. yabei Pseudoepimastopora likana Kochansky-Devidé & Herak 1960 Arabicodium [incl. Siamporidium Endo 1969] Halimeda soltanensis Poncet 1989 Ortonella |--O. latifibrosa Endo in Endo & Kanuma 1954 `--O. morikawai Endo 1958 Nanopora |--‘Anthracoporella’ fragilissima Maslov 1939 `--‘Anthracoporella’ kasachiensis Maslov 1939 Roquesselsia Termier et al. 1977 `--‘Anthracoporella’ insolita Ivanova 1988 Oligoporella Pia 1912 Clavaphysoporella Endo 1958 Clavaporella [incl. Eoclypeina Poncet 1987 non Emberger in Vachard 1985] `--C. reinae Racz 1966 [incl. *Eoclypeina crassa Poncet 1987] Neoanchicodium Endo in Endo & Kanuma 1954 Nostocites Maslov 1929 `--*N. vesiculosa Maslov 1929 Ischyrospongia Sphairionia Tien 1989 [incl. Pseudosphairionia Pronina 1996] |--*S. sikuoides Tien 1989 (see below for synonymy) `--S. gallinae Vachard, Hauser et al. 2001 Tuberitina [Tuberitinaceae, Tuberitinidae] `--T. collosa Reitlinger 1950 Diplosphaerina inaequalis (Derville 1931) Marpolia spissa Chamaebotrys |--C. boergesenii `--C. lomentariae Coccobotrys |--*C. verrucariae `--C. mucosus Hyalostachybotrys |--H. bisbyi `--H. sacchari Streptobotrys |--S. arisaematis |--S. caulophyllii `--S. streptothrix Daffrania biloba Polysphaerinella bulla Luffisphaera [Holosea] Kamaena |--K. delicata `--K. tatarstanica Izhella nubiformis Shuguria flabelliformis Bosea Srivastava 1975 Evittia Brito 1967 Anthosphaeridium Cookson & Eisenack 1968 Archaeodinium Shu 1979 Artemisiocysta Benedek 1972 Ascostomocystis Drugg & Loeblich 1967 Beringiella Bujak 1984 Caddasphaera Fenton et al. 1980 Catillopsis Drugg 1970 Ceratocystidiopsis Deflandre 1937 Chonesphaera Klumpp 1953 Cirrifera Cookson & Eisenack 1960 Collumosphaera Jain & Dutta in Dutta & Jain 1980 Conicoidium Jiabo 1978 Cupritia Courtinat & Gaillard 1980 Cyclodictyon Cookson & Eisenack 1958 Cyclopsiella Drugg & Loeblich 1967 Cystidiopsis Nagy 1965 Deflandridium Nagy 1969 Dictyosphaeridium Wetzel 1952 Diplofusa Cookson & Eisenack 1960 Wallodinium Loeblich & Loeblich 1968 [=Diplotesta Cookson & Eisenack 1960 (preoc.)] Domasiella Eisenack 1969 Enigmadinium Wrenn & Hart 1988 Epicephalopyxis Deflandre 1935 Eyrea Cookson & Eisenack 1970 Fromea Cookson & Eisenack 1958 Halodinium Bujak 1984 Halophoridia Cookson & Eisenack 1962 Korojonia Cookson & Eisenack 1958 Lophodictyotidium Pocock 1972 Mathurosphaera Varma & Dangwal 1964 Membranosphaera Samoilovich in Samoilovich & Mtchedlishvili 1961 Mirificysta Yu 1982 Nummus Morgan 1975 Ollula Góczán 1962 Palaeohystrichosphaeridium Eiserhardt 1986 Palaeostomocystis Deflandre 1937 Palhistiodinia Deflandre 1939 Paralecaniella Cookson & Eisenack 1970 Pronoctiluca Fabre-Domergue 1889 (see below for synonymy) Piperodinium Mudie in Scott et al. 1984 Platycystidia Cookson & Eisenack 1960 Polyasterias Meunier 1910 Prismatocystis Habib 1969 Pseudofromea Burger 1980 Pterocystidiopsis Deflandre 1937 Quadrina Bujak 1980 Rhombodella Cookson & Eisenack 1962 Schizocystia Cookson & Eisenack 1962 Sicyoideum He 1980 Spicadinium Batten & Lister 1988 Spinuliferites Huang 1981 Stylodiniopsis Eisenack 1954 Tetragonidium Pascher 1914 Tubulifera Schumacker-Lambry 1978 Chuaria Walcott 1899 `--C. circinalis Sinosabellidites Zheng 1980 [incl. Huainanella Wang 1982] `--*S. huainanensis Zheng 1980 [incl. Huainanella cylindrica Wang 1982] Vindhyania Mathur 1983 Phimopollenites pannosus (Dettmann & Playford 1968) Dettmann 1974 Sarjeantia Horowitz 1975 Warburgella rugolosa |--W. r. rugolosa `--W. r. sinensis Prothyris lanceolata Ammoclathrinidae [Ammoconidae] |--Ammosolenia Haeckel 1889 | `--A. rhizammina Haeckel 1889 |--Ammoclathrina Laubenfels 1948 [=Ammoconia Haeckel 1889 (preoc.)] | |--*A. aulopegma (Haeckel 1889) [=Ammoconia aulopegma] | `--A. sagenella (Haeckel 1889) [=Ammoconia sagenella] `--Ammolynthus Haeckel 1889 |--*A. haliphysema Haeckel 1889 `--A. prototypus Haeckel 1889 Ophiocytium capitatum |--O. c. var. capitatum `--O. c. var. longispinum
*Meghystrichosphaeridium chadianensis (Chen & Liu 1986) [incl. M. acrotrichum Yin in Yin & Liu 1988, Tianzhushania tuberifera]
Pronoctiluca Fabre-Domergue 1889 [incl. Pelagorhynchus Pavillard 1917, Protodinifer Kofoid & Swezy 1921]
*Sphairionia sikuoides Tien 1989 [incl. Soroorina ghezelbashi Baghbani 1993 (n. n.), Sp. (*Pseudosphairionia) tienii Pronina 1996]
* Type species of generic name indicated
[edit] References
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| Eukarya |
| Fossil record | Phylogeny | Characteristics | Links | References |
Credits: Organization ATW041030, Alternative phylogeny CKT080119, transferred to new page MAK060927
