Anura

From Palaeos

<==Anura
   |  i. s.: Xenopus
   |           |--X. borealis
   |           `--X. laevis
   |         Leiopelma [Leiopelmatidae]
   |           |--+--L. archeyi Turbott 1942
   |           |  |--L. hamiltoni McCulloch 1919
   |           |  `--L. waitomoensis Worthy 1987
   |           `--+--L. auroraensis Worthy 1987
   |              |--L. hochstetteri Fitzinger 1861
   |              `--L. markhami Worthy 1987
   |         Osteocephalus
   |         Physalaemus
   |           |--P. coloradorum
   |           |--P. gracilis
   |           `--P. pustulosus
   |         Babina
   |           |--B. holsti (Boulenger 1892)
   |           `--B. subaspera (Barbour 1908)
   |         Smilisca phaeota
   |         Pseudacris triseriata
   |           |--P. t. triseriata
   |           `--P. t. maculata
   |         Scaphiopus couchii
   |         Notaden nichollsi
   |         Ascaphus [Ascaphidae]
   |           `--A. truei
   |         Phractops
   |           |--P. brevipalmatus
   |           `--P. brevipes
   |--Neobatrachia
   |    |  i. s.: Indobatrachus pusillus (Owen 1847)
   |    |--+--Nesomantis [Sooglossidae]
   |    |  |    `--N. thomasseti
   |    |  `--Nasikabatrachus Biju & Bossuyt 2003 [Nasikabatrachidae]
   |    |       `--*N. sahyadrensis Biju & Bossuyt 2003
   |    `--+--+--Hyloidea
   |       |  `--Ranoidea
   |       `--+--Heleophryne [Heleophrynidae]
   |          |    `--H. purcelli
   |          `--Myobatrachidae
   |               |--Limnodynastes [Limnodynastinae]
   |               |    |--L. dorsalis (Gray 1841) (see below for synonymy)
   |               |    |--L. peronii
   |               |    |--L. salmini
   |               |    |--L. spenceri
   |               |    `--L. tasmaniensis
   |               |--Myobatrachus [Myobatrachinae]
   |               |    `--M. gouldii
   |               |--Uperoleia
   |               |    |--U. glandulosa
   |               |    |--U. micromeles
   |               |    `--U. russelli
   |               |--Neobatrachus
   |               |    |--N. aquilonius
   |               |    |--N. kunapalari
   |               |    |--N. pelobatoides
   |               |    `--N. pictus
   |               `--Crinia georgiana
   `--Archaeobatrachia
        |--+--Pelobatidae
        |  `--Pelodytes [Pelodytidae]
        |       `--P. punctatus
        `--+--Pipa [Pipidae]
           |    `--*P. pipa
           `--+--Bombina [Bombinatoridae]
              |    |--*B. bombina
              |    |--B. maxima (Boulenger 1905) [=Bombinator maximus]
              |    |--B. orientalis
              |    `--B. variegata
              `--Discoglossidae
                   |--Discoglossus pictus
                   |    |--D. p. pictus
                   |    `--D. p. sardus
                   `--Alytes
                        |--A. cisternasii
                        `--A. obstetricans
                             |--A. o. obstetricans
                             `--A. o. boscai

Limnodynastes dorsalis (Gray 1841) [=Cystignathus dorsalis, L. dorsalis var. typica, Wagleria dorsalis; incl. L. bibronii Krefft 1867 (n. n.), L. (Platyplectron) dumerilii Peters 1863, L. dorsalis var. dumerilii, Heliorana grayi Steindachner 1867, L. dorsalis var. interioris Fry 1913, Platyplectrum superciliare Keferstein 1867, Heliorana superciliaris]

* Type species of generic name indicated

[edit] References

Biju, S. D., & F. Bossuyt. 2003. New frog family from India reveals an ancient biogeographical link with the Seychelles. Nature 425: 711-714.

Bininda-Emonds, O. R. P., M. Cardillo, K. E. Jones, R. D. E. MacPhee, R. M. D. Beck, R. Grenyer, S. A. Price, R. A. Vos, J. L. Gittleman & A. Purvis. 2007. The delayed rise of present-day mammals. Nature 446: 507-512.

Cokendolpher, J. C., & P. G. Mitov. 2007. Natural enemies. In Harvestmen: The Biology of Opiliones (R. Pinto-da-Rocha, G. Machado & G. Giribet, eds.) pp. 339-373. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

Davis, R. A., & J. D. Roberts. 2004. Operational sex ratio and mating behaviour of the myobatrachid frog Neobatrachus kunapalari. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (3): 97-99.

Dixon, J. R., & P. Soini. 1977. The reptiles of the upper Amazon Basin, Iquitos region, Peru. II. Crocodilians, turtles and snakes. Milwaukee Public Museum, Contributions in Biology and Geology 12: 1-91.

Falla, R. A., R. B. Sibson & E. G. Turbott. 1981. Collins Guide to the Birds of New Zealand and Outlying Islands 2nd ed. with addenda. Collins: Auckland.

Fritts, T. H., & G. H. Rodda. 1998. The role of introduced species in the degradation of island ecosystems: a case history of Guam. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 29: 113-140.

Fry, D. B. 1913. On a Varanus and a frog from Burnett River, Queensland, and a revision of the variations in Limnodynastes dorsalis, Gray. Records of the Australian Museum 10 (2): 17-34, plates I-III.

Giribet, G., D. L. Distel, M. Polz, W. Sterrer & W. C. Wheeler. 2000. Triploblastic relationships with emphasis on the acoelomates and the position of Gnathostomulida, Cycliophora, Plathelminthes, and Chaetognatha: A combined approach of 18S rDNA sequences and morphology. Systematic Biology 49: 539-562.

Gorlov, I. P., & N. Tsurusaki. 2000. Staggered clines in a hybrid zone between two chromosome races of the harvestman Gagrellopsis nodulifera (Arachnida: Opiliones). Evolution 54 (1): 176-190.

How, R. A., & J. Dell. 2004. Reptile assemblage of the Abydos Plain, north-eastern Pilbara, Western Australia. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (3): 85-95.

Iwahashi, J. (ed.). 1992. Reddo Deeta Animarusu: a pictorial of Japanese fauna facing extinction. JICC: Tokyo.

Li, W.-H., & D. Graur. 1991. Fundamentals of Molecular Evolution. Sinauer: Sunderland (MA).

Liu, C.-C. 1950. Amphibians of western China. Fieldiana: Zoology Memoirs 2: 1-400.

Mertens, R. 1955. Die Amphibien und Reptilien der Insel Elba. Senckenbergiana Biologica 36: 287-296.

Miller, S. A., & J. P. Harley. 1996. Zoology (3rd ed.) Wm. C. Brown Publishers: Dubuque (Iowa).

Monnet, J.-M., & M. I. Cherry. 2002. Sexual size dimorphism in anurans. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B – Biological Sciences 269: 2301-2307.

Pauly, G. B., D. M. Hillis & D. C. Cannatella. 2004. The history of a Nearctic colonization: Molecular phylogenetics and biogeography of the Nearctic toads (Bufo). Evolution 58 (11): 2517-2535.

Reeve, H. K., & P. W. Sherman. 1993. Adaptation and the goals of evolutionary research. The Quarterly Review of Biology 68 (1): 1-32.

Thompson, G. G., P. C. Withers, K. A. McMaster & V. A. Cartledge. 2005. Burrows of desert-adapted frogs, Neobatrachus aquilonius and Notaden nichollsi. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 88 (1): 17-23.

Villarreal, O., C. Señaris & C. DoNascimiento. 2002. Contribución al conocimiento faunístico del Wei-Assipu-tepui, macizo del Roraima, con énfasis en la anurofauna y opiliofauna. Boletín de la Sociedad Venezolana de Espeleología 36: 46-50.

Wake, T. A. 2006. Archaeological sewellel (Aplodontia rufa) remains from Duncan's Point Cave, Sonoma County, California. Journal of Mammalogy 87 (1): 139-147.

Worthy, T. H., & R. N. Holdaway. 2002. The Lost World of the Moa: Prehistoric life of New Zealand. Indiana University Press: Bloomington (Indiana).

Credits

Christopher 18:54, 14 August 2008 (PDT)