Gonyaulax

From Palaeos

The large genus Gonyaulax presents perhaps the most notable difficulty in attempts to reconcile the neontological classification of dinoflagellates, based on the mobile stage of the life cycle, with the palaeontological classification based largely on resting cysts. The type species of the cyst genus Spiniferites, S. ramosus, is produced by the type or a closely related species of the mobile genus Gonyaulax, technically necessitating their synonymy. Because both these are significant genera containing a large number of species, most palaeontological authors to date have found it convenient to ignore this synonymy, and continue to treat Spiniferites as a valid entity. Below we treat the two as synonymous, but avoid new combinations for taxa in Spiniferites.

<==Gonyaulax Diesing 1866 (see below for synonymy)
   |  i. s.: G. acatenella Whedon & Kofoid 1936
   |         ‘Spiniferites’ belerius
   |         G. borealis Nordli 1951
   |         G. braarudii Hasle 1960
   |         ‘Spiniferites’ bulloideus
   |         G. buxus Balech 1967
   |         G. catenata [=Peridinium catenatum]
   |         G. catenella Whedon & Kofoid 1936
   |         G. cohorticula Balech 1967
   |         G. concava (Gaarder) Balech 1967 [=Goniodoma concavum Gaarder 1954]
   |         G. conjuncta Wood 1954
   |         ‘Spiniferites’ delicatus
   |         G. diacantha Athanassopoulos 1931 [=G. diacanthus]
   |         G. digitale (see below for synonymy)
   |         G. dimorpha Biecheler 1952
   |         G. elegans Rampi 1951
   |         ‘Spiniferites’ ellipsoideus Matsuoka 1983
   |         ‘Spiniferites’ elongatus
   |         G. fratercula Balech 1964
   |         ‘Hystrichosphaera’ furcata
   |           |--H. f. var. furcata
   |           `--H. f. var. multiplicata Rossignol 1964
   |         G. fusiformis Graham 1942
   |         ‘Spiniferites’ granulatus (Davey 1969) Lentin & Williams 1973
   |         G. grindleyi Reinecke 1967
   |         ‘Spiniferites’ hyperacanthus
   |         ‘Spiniferites’ lazus
   |         G. levanderi [=G. lewarnden (l. c.)]
   |         G. ligustica Rampi 1951
   |         ‘Spiniferites’ membranaceus (Rossignol) Sarjeant 1970 (see below for synonymy)
   |         G. minima Matzenauer 1933
   |         G. monospina Rampi 1951
   |         G. ovata Matzenauer 1933
   |         ‘Spiniferites’ pachydermus (see below for synonymy)
   |         G. pacifica Kofoid 1907
   |         G. parva Ramsfjell 1959
   |         G. paulsenii Gaarder 1954 [=Peridinium globosum non Gonyaulax globosa]
   |         G. polygramma
   |           |--G. p. var. polygramma
   |           `--G. p. var. steinii (Lemmermann) Matzenauer 1933
   |         G. rotundata Rampi 1951
   |         G. rouchii Rampi 1948
   |         ‘Spiniferites’ scabratus (Wall) Sarjeant 1970 [=Hystrichosphaera scabrata]
   |         G. schilleri Matzenauer 1933
   |         G. scrippsae [incl. Hystrichosphaera bulloidea]
   |         G. sousae Balech 1959 [=G. sousai]
   |         G. sphaeroidea [=G. sphaerica (l. c.)]
   |         G. spinosa Athanassopoulos 1931
   |         ‘Spiniferites’ splendidus Harland 1979
   |         G. symmetrica Athanassopoulos 1931
   |         G. tamarensis
   |           |--G. t. var. tamarensis [=G. t. var. typica Braarud 1945]
   |           |--G. t. var. excavata Braarud 1945
   |           `--G. t. var. globosa Braarud 1945
   |         G. triacantha
   |           |--G. t. var. triacantha
   |           `--G. t. var. subinermis Conrad 1939
   |         G. trottii Rampi 1951
   |         G. verior Sournia 1973 (see below for synonymy)
   |--*G. spinifera (Claparède & Lachmann 1859) Diesing 1866 (see below for synonymy)
   |    |--G. s. ssp. spinifera
   |    `--G. s. ssp. estelae Margalef & Durán 1953
   `--‘Spiniferites’ subgen. Hafniasphaera (Hansen) Quattrocchio & Sarjeant 2003 (see below for synonymy)
        |--S. (subgen. *Hafniasphaera) hyalospinosus (Hansen) Stover & Williams 1987 (see below for synonymy)
        |--S. cryptovesiculata (Hansen) Quattrocchio & Sarjeant 2003 (see below for synonymy)
        |--S. fluens (Hansen) Stover & Williams 1987 [=Hafniasphaera fluens Hansen 1977]
        |--S. goodmanii (Edwards) Stover & Williams 1987 [=Hafniasphaera goodmanii Edwards 1982]
        |--S. graciosus (Hansen) Stover & Williams 1987 [=Hafniasphaera graciosa Hansen 1977]
        `--S. septatus (Cookson & Eisenack) McLean 1971 (see below for synonymy)

Nomina nuda: Gonyaulax balechii Steidinger & Williams 1970

            G. polygramma ssp. pulchra Margalef 1969
            G. washingtonensis Steindinger & Williams 1970

Gonyaulax Diesing 1866 (nom. cons. prop.) [incl. Hystrichokibotium Klumpp 1953, Hystrichosphaera Wetzel 1933, Rivernookia Cookson & Eisenack 1982, Roulea Gourret 1883, Spiniferites Mantell 1850, Steiniella Schütt 1895]

Gonyaulax digitale [incl. Spiniferites bentori (Rossignol) Wall & Dale 1970, Hystrichosphaera bentori]

*Gonyaulax spinifera (Claparède & Lachmann 1859) Diesing 1866 [incl. Nematosphaeropsis balcombiana, Hystrichosphaera mirabilis, Spiniferites mirabilis, *S. ramosus (Ehrenberg 1838) Mantell 1854, Tectalodinium pellitum]

Gonyaulax verior Sournia 1973 [=Amylax diacantha Meunier 1919 non G. diacantha Athanassopoulos 1931]

‘Spiniferites’ subgen. Hafniasphaera (Hansen) Quattrocchio & Sarjeant 2003 [=Hafniasphaera Hansen 1977]

‘Spiniferites’ cryptovesiculata (Hansen) Quattrocchio & Sarjeant 2003 [=Hafniasphaera cryptovesiculata Hansen 1977]

‘Spiniferites’ hyalospinosus (Hansen) Stover & Williams 1987 [=Hafniasphaera hyalospinosa Hansen 1977]

‘Spiniferites’ membranaceus (Rossignol) Sarjeant 1970 [=Hystrichosphaera furcata var. membranacea Rossignol 1964, H. membranacea (Rossignol) Wall 1967]

‘Spiniferites’ pachydermus [=Hystrichosphaera furcata var. pachyderma Rossignol 1964]

‘Spiniferites’ septatus (Cookson & Eisenack) McLean 1971 [=Baltisphaeridium septatum Cookson & Eisenack 1967, Achomosphaera septata, Rivernookia septata]

* Type species of generic name indicated

References

Fensome, R. A., F. J. R. Taylor, G. Norris, W. A. S. Sarjeant, D. I. Wharton & G. L. Williams. 1993. A classification of living and fossil dinoflagellates. Micropaleontology Special Publication 7: i-viii, 1-351.

Marret, F., & J. Scourse. 2002. Control of modern dinoflagellate cyst distribution in the Irish and Celtic seas by seasonal stratification dynamics. Marine Micropaleontology 47: 101-116.

Quattrocchio, M. E., & W. A. S. Sarjeant. 2003. Dinoflagellates from the Chorrillo Chico Formation (Paleocene) of southern Chile. Ameghiniana 40 (2): 129-153.

Sournia, A. 1973. Catalogue des espèces et taxons infraspécifiques de Dinoflagellés marins actuels publiés depuis la révision de J. Schiller. I. Dinoflagellés libres. Beihefte zur Nova Hedwigia 48: 1-92.

'Credits

Christopher 03:11, 22 September 2008 (PDT)