Hydrozoa

From Palaeos.org

o Radiata (grade)
|?--Ctenophora
`--+--Cnidaria  
   |  |--Anthozoa
   |  `--+--Hydrozoa
   |     `--+--+--Scyphozoa
   |        |  `--Cubozoa
   |        `?-Conulata (polyphyletic?)
   `--Bilateria

Obelia, a colonial hydroid

Information

Stratigraphic range: Ordovician - Recent Etymology: from Hydra, a small simple freshwater Hydroid, named after a mythical Greek monster

Description

This class includes hydroids and hydromedusae. $ Medusae small. $ Cnidocysts epidermal.

Introduction

This very diverse class of cnidarians many of which have a true alternation of generations in its reproductive cycle. That is, they passes through both the medusa and the polyp phase. Many groups secrete a chitinous skeleton in the polyp stage. In some groups the polyp stage is colonial and secretes a calcareous skeleton, like a coral.

Classification

There are seven orders altogether, including:

• Order Trachylina
• Order Hydroida
• Order Milliporina (Hydrocorallina)
• Order Stylasterina
• Order Siphonophora
• Order Spongiomorphida (extinct)
• Order Chondrophora
• Order Actinulida

• Trachylina - medusa stage only. These are perhaps the most primitive Hydrozoa. : Gonionemus
• Hydroida - Ordovician? to Recent - colonial attached polyps. The free-floating medusa stage may be present or absent. Includes most types of Hydrozoans. Freshwater or marine, solitary or colonial, soft-bodied or with skeleton. There are two suborders: Anthomedusae (Hydra, etc) and Leptomedusae. In the latter the polyps always colonial. e.g. Obelia, Sertularia
• Siphonophora - Large and complex swimming or floating colonies, with division of labour. Jellyfish-like, but with a float or sail-like structure. Mainly tropical. Includes the unusual Portuguese Man-of-War (genus Physalia).
• Milleporina (Tertiary - Recent) - Reef builders, massive calcium carbonate skeleton. Marine. Also called Stinging Coral and Fire Coral. The Milleporina and Stylasterina have in the past been included together under the order Hydrocorallida
• Stylasterina (Tertiary - Recent) Reef builders, very like the Milleporina, but with a thick layer of tissue overlying the skeleton
• Spongiomorphida (Triassic - Jurassic). Massive colonies with radial pillars united by horizontal bars. Resemble Stromatoporoids.
• Chondrophora: Colonial or specialized polypoid individuals, e.g. Velella

Alternation of Generations - Ontogenic Metamorphosis

Hydroids like Obelia (illustrated at the top of the page), pass through both the medusa and the polyp phase. This organism goes through stages where it is in effect a different organism, a true metamorphosis .

The philosopher and inventor [Arthur M. Young] observes that the life cycle of this simple organism passes through a complete series of stages according to process theory:

"(1) starts as a single cell [the fertilized egg]; (2) becomes multicellular [3] acquires a shape (identity) [planular stage]; (4)fastens to the ocean floor [hydroid colony]; (5) grows in plant-like fashion; (6) flowers break off into mobile jellyfish (the animal stage); (7) fertilization."

-- The Reflexive Universe, p.122

Division of Labour

Physalia physalis, the Portuguese man-of-war, a colonial medusal hydroid

Hydrozoan colonies frequently exhibit polymorphism, with different polyps taking on different morphologies and performing different functions (reproduction, feeding, etc.). Each colony is a super-organism, like an ant-hive. Physalia physalis, the "Portuguese man-of-war", shown above looks like a single organism, but is actually a super-organism composed of many different individual polyps.

Phylogeny

<==Hydrozoa
   |--Narcomedusae P79
   |    |--Cunina P79
   |    `--Polypodium hydriforme KA01
   |--Aglantha B26 [Trachymedusae P79]
   |    |--A. digitale C02
   |    `--A. rosea B26
   |--Halammohydrida [Halammohydrina] CS-P86
   |    |--Halammohydra CS-P86
   |    `--Otohydra Swedmark & Teissier 1958 [Otohydridae] CS-P86
   |         |--O. tremulans Lacassagne 1973 CS-P86
   |         `--O. vagans Swedmark & Teissier 1958 CS-P86
   |--Limnomedusae P79
   |    |--Craspedacusta Lankester 1880 P79
   |    |--Gonionemus Agassiz 1862 P79
   |    |--Limnocnida Günther 1893 P79
   |    |--Olindias Müller 1861 P79
   |    |--Vallentinia Browne 1902 P79
   |    |--Monobrachium Mereschkowsky 1877 P79
   |    `--Aglauropsis Müller 1865 P79
   |--Siphonophora P79
   |    |  i. s.: Diphyopsis B26
   |    |           |--D. dispar B26
   |    |           `--D. major B26
   |    |         Anthophysa formosa B26
   |    |--Codonophora DPH05
   |    `--Cystonectae DPH05
   |         |--Physalia DPH05
   |         |    |--P. pelagica C45
   |         |    `--P. physalis DPH05
   |         `--Rhizophysa DPH05
   |              |--R. eysenhardti DPH05
   |              `--R. filiformis DPH05
   `--Hydroida CS-P86
        |  i. s.: Microhydrula pontica CS-P86
        |         Rhaptapagis cantacuzenei CS-P86
        |--Eugymnanthea Palombi 1936 [Eutimidae, Thecaphora, Thecata] CS-P86
        |    `--E. psammobionta (Salvini-Plawen & Rao 1973) [=Anthohydra psammobionta] CS-P86
        |--Armorhydra Swedmark & Teissier 1958 [Armorhydridae, Limnohydrina] CS-P86
        |    `--A. janowiczi Swedmark & Teissier 1958 CS-P86
        |--Athecata [Anthomedusae] CS-P86
        |    |--Capitata P79
        |    `--Filifera P79
        `--Hydrina CS-P86
             |--Protohydra leuckarti CS-P86
             `--Hydra DPH05
                  |--H. circumcincta DPH05
                  |--H. littoralis C-SC03
                  |--H. magnipapillata MG-F02
                  |--H. oligactis AB94
                  `--H. vulgaris DPH05

Hydrozoa incertae sedis:

 Rhabdohydra tridens BU02
 Chaunograptus Hall 1883 BU02, B70 [Chaunograptidae]
   `--*C. novellus (Hall 1883) [=Dendrograptus (Chaunograptus) novellus] B70
 Conomedusites [Conchopeltidae] IF02
 Lovenella IF02
 Phyalidium IF02
 Gemmaria McCrady 1857 RL03
 Clytia KBC03
   |--C. cylindrica B26
   |--C. edwardsi B79
   |--C. languida KBC03
   `--C. volubilis B79
 Heterastridium conglobatum W03
 Laomedea KBC03
   |--L. calceolifera KBC03
   |--L. flexuosa KBC03
   `--L. longissima (Pallas 1766) L70
 Proboscidactyla S79
 Nemertesia antennina W79
 Plumaria undulata B79
 Gonothyrea B79
 Podocoryne carnea J79
 Stephanidium H15
 Perigonimus cidaridis BK77
 Cuspidella BK77
 Stegopoma fastigatum BK77
 Calycella syringa BK77
 Hebella [Hebellidae] VV77
   |--H. furax Millard 1957 VV77
   |--H. parasitica (Ciamician 1880) [=Lafoea parasitica] VV77
   `--H. scandens (Bale 1888) (see below for synonymy) VV77
 Synthecium [Syntheciidae] VV77
   |--S. carinatum Totton 1930 VV77
   |--S. dentigerum Jarvis 1922 [incl. S. singulare Billard 1924] VV77
   `--S. samauense Billard 1924 VV77
 Distichopora violacea VV77
 Idiellana pristis VV77
 Radiotrabeculopora Fan, Rigby & Zhang 1991 (see below for synonymy) RLS04
   |--*R. xiangboensis Fan, Rigby & Zhang 1991 RLS04
   `--R. reticulata Fan, Rigby & Zhang 1991 RLS04
 Cassiniastraea Volz 1896 RS01
 Parkeria sphaerica S02
 ‘Turris’ neglectus Lesson 1837 F27
 Eucheilota paradoxica CC93
 Calyptoblastea [Leptomedusae] B14
   |--Sertulariidae B14
   |--Plumulariidae B14
   |--Halecium [Halecidae] B14
   |    |--H. delicatulum Coughtrey 1876 HJ08
   |    `--H. flexile Allman 1888 [incl. H. gracile Bale 1888, H. parvulum Bale 1888] B14
   |--Campanularidae B14
   |    |--Campanularia flexuosa J79
   |    |--Thyroscyphus simplex (Lamouroux 1816) (see below for synonymy) B14
   |    `--Obelia HJ08
   |         |--O. bispinosa HJ08
   |         |--O. dichotoma (Linnaeus 1758) [incl. O. australis] HJ08
   |         `--O. longissima (Pallas 1766) HJ08
   `--Lafoeidae B14
        |--Lafoea fruticosa BK77
        |--Zygophylax Quelch 1885 VV77
        |--Cryptolaria arboriformis Ritchie 1911 B14
        |--Perisiphonia exserta (Johnson 1858) [=Cryptolaria exserta; incl. P. filicula Allman 1888] B14
        `--Lictorella Allman 1888 VV77
             |--L. antipathes Lamarck 1816 (see below for synonymy) VV77
             |--L. pinnata Sars 1874 [incl. L. halecioides Allman 1874] VV77
             `--L. rufa (Bale 1884) [=Campanularia rufa, Zygophylax rufa] VV77
 *Porpita porpita DPH05
 Staurocladia wellingtoni DPH05
 Phialidium languidum B26
 Melicertum B26
   |--M. campanula B26
   `--M. octocostatum B26
 Mitrocoma B26
   |--M. annae B26
   `--M. cruciata B26
 Staurophora mertensii [incl. S. falklandica Browne 1902] B26
 Ptychogena lactea B26

Hebella scandens (Bale 1888) [incl. Hebella contorta Marktanner-Turneretscher 1890, Hebella scandens var. contorta, Hebellopsis contorta, Hebella spiralis Nutting 1927] VV77

Lictorella antipathes (Lamarck 1816) [=Sertularia antipathes, Zygophylax antipathes; incl. *Lictorella halecioides Allman 1888 non Allman 1874] VV77

Radiotrabeculopora Fan, Rigby & Zhang 1991 [incl. Flabellisclera Wu 1991, Fungispongia Wu 1991, Gigantosclera Wu 1991, Tubulispongia Wu 1991; Disjectoporidae] RLS04

Thyroscyphus simplex (Lamouroux 1816) [=Laomedea simplex, Parascyphus simplex; incl. Campanularia tridentata Bale 1893, Sertularella tridentata, Thyroscyphus tridentatus] B14

* Type species of generic name indicated

References

[AB94] Alberts, B., D. Bray, J. Lewis, M. Raff, K. Roberts & J. D. Watson. 1994. Molecular Biology of the Cell (3rd ed.) Garland Publishing, Inc.: New York.

[BK77] Barel, C. D. N., & P. G. N. Kramers. 1977. A survey of the echinoderm associates of the north-east Atlantic area. Zoologische Verhandelingen 156: 1-159.

[BU02] Bates, D. E. B., & A. Urbanek. 2002. The ultrastructure, development, and systematic position of the graptolite genus Mastigograptus. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 47 (3): 445-458.

[B26] Bigelow, H. B. 1926. Plankton of the offshore waters of the Gulf of Maine. Bulletin of the Bureau of Fisheries 40 (2): 1-509.

[B14] Briggs, E. A. 1914. Hydrozoa from one hundred fathoms, seven miles east of Cape Pillar, Tasmania. Records of the Australian Museum 10 (10): 285-302, plates XXV-XXVI.

[B70] Bulman, O. M. B. 1970. Graptolithina with sections of Enteropneusta and Pterobranchia. In Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology Part V 2nd ed. (C. Teichert, ed.) pp. V1-V149. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and the University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[B79] Buss, L. W. 1979. Habitat selection, directional growth and spatial refuges: Why colonial animals have more hiding places. In Biology and Systematics of Colonial Organisms (G. Larwood & B. R. Rosen, eds.) pp. 459-497. Academic Press: London.

[CC93] Carré, C., & D. Carré. 1993. Minictena luteola, genre et espèce nouveaux de cténophore Cydippida Méditerranéen a cinq types de colloblastes. Beaufortia 43 (10): 168-175.

[C-SC03] Cavalier-Smith, T., & E. E.-Y. Chao. 2003. Phylogeny of Choanozoa, Apusozoa, and other Protozoa and early eukaryote megaevolution. Journal of Molecular Evolution 56: 540-563.

[CS-P86] Clausen, C., & L. v. Salvini-Plawen. 1986. Cnidaria. In Stygofauna Mundi: A Faunistic, Distributional, and Ecological Synthesis of the World Fauna inhabiting Subterranean Waters (including the Marine Interstitial) (L. Botosaneanu, ed.) pp. 33-42. E. J. Brill / Dr. W. Backhuys: Leiden.

[C45] Colenso, W. 1845. Memoranda of an excursion, made in the Northern Island of New Zealand, in the summer of 1841-2; intended as a contribution towards the natural productions of the New Zealand groupe: with particular reference to their botany (concluded). Tasmanian Journal of Natural Science 2: 241-308.

[C02] Collette, B. B. 2002. Mackerels. Family Scombridae. In Bigelow and Schroeder’s Fishes of the Gulf of Maine (B. B. Collette & G. Klein-MacPhee, eds.) 3rd ed. pp. 516-536. Smithsonian Institute Press: Washington.

[DPH05] Dunn, C. W., P. R. Pugh & S. H. D. Haddock. 2005. Molecular phylogenetics of the Siphonophora (Cnidaria), with implications for the evolution of functional specialization. Systematic Biology 54 (6): 916-935.

[F27] Finlay, H. J. 1927. New specific names for austral Mollusca. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 488-533.

[H15] Harmer, S. F. 1915. The Polyzoa of the Siboga Expedition – Part I. Entoprocta, Ctenostomata and Cyclostomata. E. J. Brill: Leyden.

[HJ08] Huisman, J. M., D. S. Jones, F. E. Wells & T. Burton. 2008. Introduced marine biota in Western Australian waters. Records of the Western Australian Museum 25 (1): 1-44.

[IF02] Ivantsov, A. Yu., & M. A. Fedonkin. 2002. Conulariid-like fossil from the Vendian of Russia: A metazoan clade across the Proterozoic/Palaeozoic boundary. Palaeontology 45 (6): 1219-1229.

[J79] Jackson, J. B. C. 1979. Morphological strategies of sessile animals. In Biology and Systematics of Colonial Organisms (G. Larwood & B. R. Rosen, eds.) pp. 499-555. Academic Press: London.

[KBC03] Kashin, I. A., E. V. Bagaveeva & S. F. Chaplygina. 2003. Fouling communities of hydrotechnical constructions in Nakhodka Bay (Sea of Japan). Russian Journal of Marine Biology 29: 267-283.

[KA01] Kent, M. L., K. B. Andree, J. L. Bartholomew, M. El-Matbouli, S. S. Desser, R. H. Devlin, S. W. Feist, R. P. Hedrick, R. W. Hoffmann, J. Khattra, S. L. Hallett, R. J. G. Lester, M. Longshaw, O. Palenzuela, M. E. Siddall & C. Xiao. 2001. Recent advances in our knowledge of the Myxozoa. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 48: 395-413.

[L70] Leloup, E. 1970. Recherches sur l'ostreiculture dans le bassin de chasse d'Ostende en 1968. Bulletin de l’Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique 46 (6): 1-24.

[MG-F02] Minguillón, C., & J. Garcia-Fernàndez. 2002. The single amphioxus Mox gene: Insights into the functional evolution of Mox genes, somites, and the asymmetry of amphioxus somitogenesis. Developmental Biology 246: 455-465.

[P79] Petersen, K. W. 1979. Development of coloniality in Hydrozoa. In Biology and Systematics of Colonial Organisms (G. Larwood & B. R. Rosen, eds.) pp. 105-139. Academic Press: London.

[RLS04] Rigby, J. K., G. A. Linder & C. H. Stevens. 2004. A new occurrence of the “hydrozoan” Radiotrabeculopora reticulata Fan, Rigby, and Zhang, 1991 in the Permian of California. Journal of Paleontology 78: 410-413.

[RS01] Roniewicz, E., & J. Stolarski. 2001. Triassic roots of the amphiastraeid scleractinian corals. Journal of Paleontology 75 (1): 34-45.

[RL03] Ryland, J. S., & J. E. Lancaster. 2003. Revision of methods for separating species of Protopalythoa (Hexacorallia: Zoanthidea) in the tropical West Pacific. Invertebrate Systematics 17: 407-428.

[S02] Scott, R. W. 2002. Albian caprinid rudists from Texas re-evaluated. Journal of Paleontology 76 (3): 408-423.

[S79] Shelton, G. A. B. 1979. Co-ordination of behaviour in cnidarian colonies. In Biology and Systematics of Colonial Organisms (G. Larwood & B. R. Rosen, eds.) pp. 141-154. Academic Press: London.

[VV77] Vervoort, W., & P. Vasseur. 1977. Hydroids from French Polynesia with notes on distribution and ecology. Zoologische Verhandelingen 159: 1-98.

[W79] Warner, G. F. 1979. Aggregation in echinoderms. In Biology and Systematics of Colonial Organisms (G. Larwood & B. R. Rosen, eds.) pp. 375-396. Academic Press: London.

[W03] Wellnhofer, P. 2003. A Late Triassic pterosaur from the Northern Calcareous Alps (Tyrol, Austria). In Evolution and Palaeobiology of Pterosaurs (E. Buffetaut & J.-M. Mazin, eds.) Geological Society Special Publications 217: 5-22. The Geological Society: London.

Credits

Phylogeny and references: Christopher 14:30, 28 August 2010 (UTC), Intro: Kheper MAK990604; Palaeos com MAK020616; Palaeos org MAK061028