Scyphozoa

From Palaeos.org

o Radiata (grade)
|?--Ctenophora
`--+--Cnidaria  
   |  |--Anthozoa
   |  `--+--Hydrozoa
   |     `--+--+--Scyphozoa
   |        |  `--Cubozoa
   |        `?-Conulata (polyphyletic?)
   `--Bilateria

The scyphomedusae Chrysaora melanaster, the Northern Sea Nettle, (Scyphozoa,Semaeostomae,Pelagiidae,) which is common in near surface waters off the West Coast of the USA, as well as from Japan to the Bering Sea. These jellyfish have a bell approaching 30 cm across and have tentacles that can stream out from behind the animal for 3-6 meters. (Photo by Kevin Raskoff, MBARI.)

[edit] Introduction

Members of this class are large free swimming marine organisms. The medusa is the dominant phase in the life cycle and the polyp stage is either absent or it is small and gives rise to medusae by asexual budding. There is a strong four-fold symmetry.

[edit] Phylogeny

<==Scyphozoa
   |  i. s.: Atolla
   |           |--A. vanhoeffeni
   |           `--A. wyvillei
   |         Cyanea capillata
   |         Periphylla periphylla
   |         Stomolophus meleagris
   |         Pelagia noctiluca (Forsskål 1775)
   |         Stylocoronella Salvini-Plawen 1966
   |           |--S. riedli Salvini-Plawen 1966
   |           `--S. variabilis Salvini-Plawen 1984
   |         Rhopilema hispidum
   |         Mastigias quinquecirrha
   |         Chrysaora quinquecirrha
   |         Halicreas minimum
   |         Catostylus mosaicus
   |--Stauromedusae
   |--Cassiopea [Rhizostomeae]
   |    `--C. andromeda
   |--Coronatae
   |    |--Linuche [Linuchidae]
   |    |    `--L. unguiculata (Schwartz 1788) [incl. Stephanoscyphus komaii Leloup 1937]
   |    `--Nausithoidae
   |         |--Nausithoe punctata Kölliker 1853 [incl. Stephanoscyphus mirabilis Allman 1874]
   |         `--Stephanoscyphus Allman 1874
   |              |--S. allmani Kirkpatrick 1890
   |              |--S. corniformis Komai 1936
   |              |--S. racemosus Komai 1936
   |              `--S. simplex Kirkpatrick 1890 [incl. S. bianconis, S. sibogae, S. striatus]
   `--Ulmaridae [Semaeostomeae]
        |--Poraliinae
        |--Ulmarinae
        |--Sthenoniinae
        |--Stellamedusa Raskoff & Matsumoto 2004 [Stellamedusinae]
        |    `--*S. ventana Raskoff & Matsumoto 2004
        |--Stygiomedusa [Stygiomedusinae]
        |    `--S. gigantea (Browne 1910)
        |--Tiburonia [Tiburoniinae]
        |    `--T. granrojo Matsumoto et al. 2003
        |--Deepstaria [Deepstariinae]
        |    |--D. enigmatica Russell 1967
        |    `--D. reticulum Larson et al. 1988
        `--Aurelia [Aureliinae]
             |--A. aurita
             |--A. colpota
             |--A. flavidula
             |--A. hyalina
             |--A. labiata
             |--A. limbata
             `--A. maldivensis

* Type species of generic name indicated

[edit] References

Barel, C. D. N., & P. G. N. Kramers. 1977. A survey of the echinoderm associates of the north-east Atlantic area. Zoologische Verhandelingen 156: 1-159.

Castro, P., & M. E. Huber. 1997. Marine Biology, 2nd ed. WCB McGraw-Hill: Boston.

Clausen, C., & L. v. Salvini-Plawen. 1986. Cnidaria. In Stygofauna Mundi: A Faunistic, Distributional, and Ecological Synthesis of the World Fauna inhabiting Subterranean Waters (including the Marine Interstitial) (L. Botosaneanu, ed.) pp. 33-42. E. J. Brill / Dr. W. Backhuys: Leiden.

Dawson, M. N., & L. E. Martin. 2001. Geographic variation and ecological adaptation in Aurelia (Scyphozoa, Semaeostomeae): Some implications from molecular phylogenetics. Hydrobiologia 451: 259-273.

Grant, E. M. 1975. Guide to Fishes. The Co-ordinator-General's Department: Brisbane (Australia).

Miller, S. A., & J. P. Harley. 1996. Zoology (3rd ed.) Wm. C. Brown Publishers: Dubuque (Iowa).

Petersen, K. W. 1979. Development of coloniality in Hydrozoa. In Biology and Systematics of Colonial Organisms (G. Larwood & B. R. Rosen, eds.) pp. 105-139. Academic Press: London.

Raskoff, K. A., & G. I. Matsumoto. 2004. Stellamedusa ventana, a new mesopelagic scyphomedusa from the eastern Pacific representing a new subfamily, the Stellamedusinae. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 84: 37-42.

Werner, B. 1979. Coloniality in the Scyphozoa: Cnidaria. In Biology and Systematics of Colonial Organisms (G. Larwood & B. R. Rosen, eds.) pp. 81-103. Academic Press: London.

[edit] Credits

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