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Note that the phylogeny given below differs in some details from that given on the main page for . It is almost universally agreed that the presence of tissue systems in , and indicates that they form a clade to the exclusion of the less organised sponges (). These days this clade is generally known as , but in older textbooks you may find this clade referred to as , with sponges excluded as .
Within , have often been regarded as closer to than (as shown on the ) due to the former two having an anterior-posterior body axis and muscle blocks (old classificatory schemes united Cnidaria and Ctenophora as - however, this was based solely on characters of and ). In contrast, molecular phylogenies suggest that Ctenophora is further away from Bilateria (as shown below), which would require shared characters between the two to be . While this may seem unlikely at first glance, has suggested that Ctenophora may be derived from sessile ancestors, making convergence with Bilateria more likely.
Another notable point of contention is the position of (). This simple animal has been thought to be morphologically intermediate between Porifera and Eumetazoa (). However, Cavalier-Smith and Chao (2003) found Trichoplax to be nested within in their molecular phylogeny, and it has been suggested that Trichoplax is derived from a cnidarian larva.
Animalia (see below for synonymy)
|-- SCM06
`--+--Trichoplax C-SC03 [Placozoa SCM06]
| `--T. adhaerens C-SC03
`--+-- DH08
`--+-- DH08
`--+-- DH08
`--Hyalospongiae C-S98
| i. s.: C-SC03
|-- DH08
`--Hexactinellida [Triaxonia] SCM06
|--Oopsacas minuta C-SC03
|--Rhabdocalyptus dawsoni C0SC03
|--Semperella schulzei F79
`--Hyalonema [Hyalonematidae] F79
|--H. hozawai F79
|--H. molle Schulze 1904 BJ06
|--H. proximum Schulze 1904 BJ06
|--H. simile Schulze 1904 BJ06
`--H. valdiviae Schulze 1904 BJ06
Animalia incertae sedis:
Namapoikia Wood, Grotzinger & Dickson 2002 WGD02
`--*N. rietoogensis Wood, Grotzinger & Dickson 2002 WGD02
Yaworipora WGD02
Rosellatana WGD02
Coleoloides typicalis Walcott 1890 [incl. C. trigeminatus Missarzhevsky in Rozanov et al. 1969] KB09
Purella Missarzhevsky 1974 [Purellidae] P02
`--*P. cristata Missarzhevsky 1974 P02 [incl. P. antiqua (Abaimova 1976) KB09]
Albinaria coerulea NS03
Ventogyrus IF02
Podolimirus IF02
Swartpuntia IF02
Calyptrina IF02
Kimberella IF02
Diagramma labiosum LOL03
Neotricula aperta LO03
Indoplanorbis exustus LO03
Radix peregra LO03
Uroteuthis noctiluca NN03
Rondeletiola minor NN03
Sepiolina nipponensis NN03
Cleisopus gloriamaris NN03
Nowakia WL04
|--N. acuaria NJ83
|--N. barrandei Boucek & Prantl 1959 WL04
`--N. otomari D02
Ainiktozoon WB85
Amiella ornata Walcott 1911 WB85
Hirnantia Lamont 1935 RZJ04
Foliomena Havlicek 1952 RZJ04
Caveasphaera costata X04
Megaclonophycus onustus X04
Sinocyclocyclicus guizhouensis X04
Spiralicellula bulbifera X04
Trimerotropis citrina D37
Eurytholia Sutton, Holmer & Cherns 2001 SHC01
|--*E. prattensis Sutton, Holmer & Cherns 2001 SHC01
`--E. elibata Sutton, Holmer & Cherns 2001 SHC01
Dimorphoconus granulatus Donovan & Paul 1985 SHC01
VH01
Dinomischus isolatus CM98
Eldonia ludwigi CM98
Jennaria pulchra Rieger 1991 ZHT01
Amauroceras ferrugineum D01
Declinognathodus noduliferus (Ellison & Graves 1941) HM04
Pseudomytiloides dubius BL78
Asbestopluma Norman 1882 [Cladorhizidae] L01
`--A. lycopodium (Levinsen 1886) L01
Acarnidae BJ06
|--Acarnus LGJ03
|--Cornulum dubium Hentschel 1912 BJ06
|--Damiria simplex Keller 1891 [incl. D. simplex fistulata Hentschel 1912] BJ06
`--Zyzzya FV09
|--Z. criceta Schoenberg 2000 FV09
`--Z. fuliginosa (Carter 1879) FV09
Actinostromaria HS02
Parastromatopora HS02
Gilletia HS02
Sestromella HS02
Chaetetopsis HS02
Ellipsactinia HS02
Sphaeractinia HS02
Doryderma HS02
Elasmoiera HS02
Crambeidae FV09
|--*Crambe crambe F79
`--Monanchora unguiculata (Dendy 1922) FV09
Ceratoporella nicolsoni F79
Disyringa dissimilis F79
Poterion neptuni F79
Callyspongiidae BJ06
|--Siphonochalina BJ06
| |--S. fascigera Hentschel 1912 BJ06
| `--S. siphonella Lévi 1965 BJ06
`--Callyspongia F79
|--C. aerizusa Desqueyroux-Faúndez 1984 FV09
|--C. plicifera C96
`--C. vaginalis F79
Holopsamma turbo Carter 1885 [=Sigmatella turbo] T72
Psammoclemma Marshall 1880 [incl. Psammopemma Marshall 1880; Chondropsidae] BJ06
|--‘Psammopemma’ densum Marshall 1881 [incl. Holopsamma laevis Carter 1885] T72
|--‘Psammopemma’ durissimum BJ06
| |--P. d. durissimum BJ06
| `--P. d. grisea Hentschel 1912 BJ06
`--‘Psammopemma’ porosum Polejaff 1884 T72
FV09
Ochridaspongia SV86
Microcordyla asteriae BK77
Irciniidae FV09
|--Sarcotragus FV09
`--Ircinia Nardo 1833 [incl. Hircinia Nardo 1834] BJ06
|--‘Hircinia’ aruensis Hentschel 1912 BJ06
|--I. felix Duchassaing & Michelotti 1864 D84
|--‘Hircinia’ pinna Hentschel 1912 BJ06
|--‘Hircinia’ spiculosa Hentschel 1912 BJ06
`--I. strobilina Lamarck 1816 D84
Stematumenia MK83
|--S. foetida MK83
|--S. strobilina MK83
`--S. variabilis MK83
Astrosclera willeyana VV77
Hemectyon ferox MH96
Vauxia gracilenta CM98
Choia carteri CM98
Pirania muricata CM98
Eiffelia globosa CM98
Dictyonellidae FV09
|--Acanthella euctimena Hentschel 1912 BJ06
`--Stylissa FV09
|--S. carteri (Dendy 1889) FV09
`--S. massa (Carter 1887) FV09
C-S98
Speophilosoma T07
|--S. koyama T07
`--S. tottoriense T07
Lycocerus suturellus T07
Araragi enthea T07
Buergeria buergeri T07
Parechthistatus gibber T07
Parapodisma setouchiensis T07
Arcuphantes T07
|--A. hibanus T07
|--A. iharai T07
|--A. saitoi T07
`--A. tsurusakii T07
‘Leptophyllus’ Quenstedt 1876 non Hope 1842 FT93
BJ06
Periphragella [Euretidae] BJ06
`--P. antarctica Janussen, Tabachnick & Tendal 2004 BJ06
Rossellidae BJ06
|--Schaudinnia rosea (Fristedt 1887) [incl. S. arctica Schulze 1900] BJ06
|--*Trichasterina borealis Schulze 1900 BJ06
`--Caulophacus BJ06
|--C. (Caulodiscus) brandti Janussen, Tabachnick & Tendal 2004 BJ06
|--C. valdiviae Schulze 1904 BJ06
`--C. (*Oxydiscus) weddelli Janussen, Tabachnick & Tendal 2004 BJ06
BJ06
Aplysina [Aplysinidae] BJ06
`--A. mollis BJ06
|--A. m. mollis BJ06
`--A. m. aruensis Hentschel 1912 BJ06
Desmacellidae BJ06
|--Tylodesma microstrongyla Hentschel 1912 BJ06
`--Biemna BJ06
|--B. aruensis Hentschel 1912 BJ06
|--B. fortis (Topsent 1897) FV09
|--B. humilis Thiele 1903 BJ06
|--B. megalosigma Hentschel 1912 BJ06
| |--B. m. megalosigma BJ06
| `--B. m. liposphaera Hentschel 1912 BJ06
`--B. truncata Hentschel 1912 BJ06
Terpios fugax Duchassaing & Michelotti 1864 BJ06
BJ06
Cerbaris Topsent 1898 [incl. Rhabdoploca Topsent 1904; Bubaridae] BJ06
`--‘Rhabdoploca’ topsenti Hentschel 1912 BJ06
Darwinellidae BJ06
|--Darwinella australiensis Carter 1885 BJ06
`--Dendrilla BJ06
|--D. lacunosa Hentschel 1912 BJ06
|--D. lendenfeldi Hentschel 1912 BJ06
`--D. mertoni Hentschel 1912 BJ06
BJ06
Monorhaphis [Monorhaphididae] BJ06
`--*M. chuni Schulze 1904 [incl. M. dives Schulze 1904] BJ06
Pachastrellidae BJ06
|--Pachastrella BJ06
| |--P. chuni von Lendenfeld 1907 BJ06
| `--P. tenuipilosa von Lendenfeld 1907 BJ06
`--Thenea BJ06
|--T. megaspina von Lendenfeld 1907 BJ06
|--T. multiformis von Lendenfeld 1907 BJ06
|--T. pendula von Lendenfeld 1907 BJ06
`--T. valdiviae von Lendenfeld 1907 BJ06
Theonellidae BJ06
|--Discodermia claviformis Kieschnick 1896 (n. d.) BJ06
`--Theonella BJ06
|--T. conica (Kieschnick 1896) [=Discodermia conica] BJ06
|--T. incerta Thiele 1900 BJ06
|--T. lacerata von Lendenfeld 1907 BJ06
`--T. swinhoei Gray 1868 FV09
Hymedesmiidae BJ06
|--Hymedesmia mertoni Hentschel 1912 BJ06
`--Hamigera [incl. Amoibodictya] BJ06
`--*H. hamigera [incl. *Amoibodictya forsteri Zahn, Müller & Müller 1977] BJ06
Desmanthus [incl. Lophacanthus non Stock 1880; Desmanthidae] BJ06
|--D. rhabdophorus (Hentschel 1912) [=*Lophacanthus rhabdophorus] BJ06
`--D. topsenti Hentschel 1912 BJ06
Placospongia [Placospongiidae] BJ06
|--P. melobesioides Gray 1867 FV09
`--P. mixta Thiele 1900 BJ06
Desmoxyidae FV09
|--Dendropsis mixta Hentschel 1912 BJ06
|--Higginsia mixta Hentschel 1912 FV09
`--Myrmekioderma granulatum (Esper 1794) FV09
Scleritoderma [Scleritodermatidae] BJ06
`--S. nodosum Thiele 1900 BJ06
Platylistrum [Pheronematidae] BJ06
`--*P. platessa Schulze 1904 BJ06
Holascus [Euplectellidae] BJ06
`--H. pseudostellatus Janussen, Tabachnick & Tendal 2004 BJ06
Timea [Timeidae] BJ06
`--T. tetractis Hentschel 1912 BJ06
Sarostegia [incl. Ramella; Farreidae] BJ06
`--S. occulata Topsent 1904 [incl. *Ramella tubulosa Schulze 1904] BJ06
Paracharnia dengyingensis XS05
Sinotubulites baimatuoensis XS05
Cloudina hartmannae XS05
Pararenicola Wang 1982 [incl. Paleorhynchus Wang 1982] SWZ86
`--*P. huaiyuanensis Wang 1982 (see below for synonymy) SWZ86
Protoarenicola Wang 1982 SWZ86
`--*P. baiguashanensis Wang 1982 SWZ86
Gunnarites antarcticus CT05
*Aaptos aaptos HS01
Coleolus Hall 1876 [Coleoloidae] YH85
|--*C. tenuistriatus YH85
|--C. aciculatum Hall 1879 [=Dentalium aciculatum] YH85
|--C. clintonensis [=Orthoceras (Coleolus) clintonensis] P68
`--C. curvatus Kindle 1912 YH85
Styliolina fissurella YH85
Volborthellida [Agmata, Protochoanites, Volborthellacea, Volborthellidea] PY84
|--Vologdinella Balashov 1962 [Vologdinellidae] T64
| `--*V. antiqua (Vologdin 1930) [=Orthoceras antiquus] T64
|--Volborthella Schmidt 1888 [=Volborthelia (l. c.); Paleonavtili, Volborthellidae] T64
| |--*V. tenuis Schmidt 1888 T64
| `--V. conica T64
`--Salterella Billings 1861 [Salterellidae] T64
|--*S. rugosa Billings 1861 T64
`--S. conulata T64
Ptychoderma australiensis H09
Limnorea Goldfuss 1826 BR05
Thamnopora pulchra Y92
Cladopora cylindrocellulaia Y92
Liponissus saurarorum K92
Pseudoalabidocarpus [Labidocarpidae] K06
`--P. secus K06
Ancodon S61
|--A. gorringei S61
`--A. parvus S61
Megacyllene robiniae EBS98
Shelbyoceras Ulrich & Foerste 1930 T64
|--*S. robustum Ulrich & Foerste 1930 T64
|--S. bessemerense Ulrich, Foerste & Miller 1943 P68
|--S. buttsi Ulrich, Foerste & Miller 1943 P68
`--S. unguliforme Ulrich, Foerste & Mller 1943 P68
Conigalea Ivanov 1995 [Actinaculata, Conigaleidae, Conigaleoida, Marinaculata] I95
`--*C. otschevi Ivanov 1995 I95
Salpa B26
|--S. fusiformis B26
|--S. tilesii B26
`--S. zonaria B26
Branchiura sowerbyi KA01
Stylodrilus heringianus KA01
Basiliella wusungensis D82
Taimyrosphinctes excentricus SY85
Chetaites sibiricus SY85
Hectoceras kochi SY85
Riasamites riasanensis SY85
Subcraspedites spasskensis SY85
Aulacosphinctes reedi SY85
Surites analogus SY85
Substeuroceras stantoni SY85
Rhabderemia [Rhabderemiidae] FV09
`--R. indica Dendy 1905 FV09
Suberea [Aplysinellidae] FV09
Reniochalina stalagmitis Lendenfeld 1888 FV09
Lelapia australis T10
Animalia [Agnotozoa, Coelenterata, Diploblastica, Enterozoa, Eumetazoa, Gelatinosa, Metazoa, Parazoa, Porifera, Radiata, Spongiaria, Vendobionta]
*Pararenicola huaiyuanensis Wang 1982 [incl. Paleorhynchus anhuiensis Wang 1982, Ruedemannella minuta Wang 1982, Paleolina tortuosa Wang 1982] SWZ86
* Type species of generic name indicated
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introduction CKT061026; phylogeny 06:44, 30 January 2011 (UTC)