Pezizales

From Palaeos

Pezizales is one of the basalmost orders of ascomycetes. It includes some significant edible taxa, such as Tuber (truffles) and Morchella (morels). Most members of the Pezizales produce usually cup-shaped apothecia bearing unitunicate asci that open by means of an operculum (hence an older name for this group is "Operculate Discomycetes"). In contrast, apothecia in other taxa (such as Leotiales) open via a slit or pore. Some subterranean taxa such as truffles have a closed fruiting body (an exothecium, ptychothecium or stereothecium) with asci that do not open in a regular manner to release spores [1].

<==Pezizales [Otideaceae, Pezizomycetes]
   |  i. s.: Loculotuber
   |         Microeurotium
   |         Orcadia Sutherland 1915
   |           `--*O. ascophylli Sutherland 1915 [incl. O. pelvetiana Sutherland 1915]
   |         Inermisia aggregata
   |         Carbomyces [Carbomycetaceae]
   |         Glaziella [Glaziellaceae]
   |         Karstenella [Karstenellaceae]
   |         Rhizina [Rhizinaceae]
   |         Ascodesmidaceae
   |           |--Ascodesmis
   |           `--Eleutherascus
   |         Terfeziaceae
   |           |--Delastria rosea
   |           `--Terfezia
   |                |--T. claveryi
   |                `--T. leptoderma
   |         Tuberaceae
   |           |--Choiromyces
   |           |--Dingleya
   |           |--Labyrinthomyces
   |           |--Paradoxa
   |           |--Reddelomyces
   |           `--Tuber
   |                |--T. brumale
   |                |--T. magnatum
   |                |--T. melanosporum
   |                `--T. puberulum
   |         Sarcosomataceae
   |           |--Donadinia
   |           |--Galiella
   |           |--Korfiella
   |           |--Neournula
   |           |--Plectania nigrella
   |           |--Pseudoplectania
   |           |--Sarcosoma
   |           |--Selenaspora
   |           |--Strobiloscypha
   |           |--Urnula hiemalis
   |           `--Wolfina
   |--+--Ascobolaceae
   |  |    |--Clestoiodophanus
   |  |    |--Cubonia
   |  |    |--Saccobolus
   |  |    |--Thecotheus
   |  |    `--Ascobolus [incl. Seliniella Arx & Müller 1955]
   |  |         |--A. crenulatus
   |  |         |--A. denudatus
   |  |         `--A. immersus [incl. *Seliniella macrospora Arx & Müller 1955]
   |  `--Pezizaceae
   `--+--+--Caloscypha [anam. Geniculodendron; Caloscyphaceae]
      |  |    `--C. fulgens [anam. Geniculodendron pyriforme]
      |  `--+--Helvellaceae
      |     `--+--Discinaceae
      |        |    |--Gymnohydnotrya
      |        |    |--Gyromitra
      |        |    |    |--G. californica
      |        |    |    `--G. esculenta
      |        |    |--Hydnotrya
      |        |    `--Pseudorhizina sphaerospora
      |        `--Morchellaceae
      |             |--Disciotis
      |             |--Verpa
      |             `--Morchella
      |                  |--M. elata
      |                  `--M. esculenta
      `--+--Sarcoscyphaceae
         |    |--Aurophora
         |    |--Chorioactis
         |    |--Desmazierella acicola
         |    |--Geodina
         |    |--Kompsoscypha
         |    |--Microstoma
         |    |--Nanoscypha
         |    |--Phillipsia
         |    |--Pseudopithyella
         |    |--Sarcoscypha coccinea
         |    |--Thindia
         |    |--Wynnea
         |    `--Cookeina [incl. Boedijnopeziza]
         |         `--C. instititia [=*Boedijnopeziza instititia]
         `--Pyronemataceae

* Type species of genus indicated

References

Eriksson, O. E. (ed.) 1999. Notes on ascomycete systematics. Nos 2440-2755. Myconet 2: 1-41.

Eriksson, O. E., H. O. Barah, R. S. Currah, K. Hansen, C. P. Kurtzman, T. Laessøe & G. Rambold (eds.) 2003. Notes on ascomycete systematics. Nos 3580-3623. Myconet 9: 91-103.

Eriksson, O. E., H. O. Barah, R. S. Currah, K. Hansen, C. P. Kurtzman, G. Rambold & T. Laessøe (eds.) 2003. Outline of Ascomycota – 2003. Myconet 9: 1-89.

Gibas, C. F. C., L. Sigler, R. C. Summerbell & R. S. Currah. 2002. Phylogeny of the genus Arachnomyces and its anamorphs and the establishment of Arachnomycetales, a new eurotiomycete order in the Ascomycota. Studies in Mycology 47: 131-139.

Healy, R. A. 2003. Mattirolomyces tiffanyae, a new truffle from Iowa, with ultrastructural evidence for its classification in the Pezizaceae. Mycologia 95 (4): 765-772.

Henk, D. A., A. Weir & M. Blackwell. 2003. Laboulbeniopsis termitarius, an ectoparasite of termites newly recognized as a member of the Laboulbeniomycetes. Mycologia 95 (4): 561-564.

Jacobs, A., M. P. A. Coetzee, B. D. Wingfield, K. Jacobs & M. J. Wingfield. 2003. Phylogenetic relationships among Phialocephala species and other ascomycetes. Mycologia 95 (4): 637-645.

Jacobs, K., T. Kirisits & M. J. Wingfield. 2003. Taxonomic re-evaluation of three related species of Graphium, based on morphology, ecology and phylogeny. Mycologia 95 (4): 714-727.

James, T. Y., F. Kauff, C. L. Schoch, P. B. Matheny, V. Hofstetter, C. J. Cox, G. Celio, C. Gueidan, E. Fraker, J. Miadlikowska, H. T. Lumbsch, A. Rauhut, V. Reeb, A. E. Arnold, A. Amtoft, J. E. Stajich, K. Hosaka, G.-H. Sung, D. Johnson, B. O'Rourke, M. Crockett, M. Binder, J. M. Curtis, J. C. Slot, Z. Wang, A. W. Wilson, A. Schüßler, J. E. Longcore, K. O'Donnell, S. Mozley-Standridge, D. Porter, P. M. Letcher, M. J. Powell, J. W. Taylor, M. M. White, G. W. Griffith, D. R. Davies, R. A. Humber, J. B. Morton, J. Sugiyama, A. Y. Rossman, J. D. Rogers, D. H. Pfister, D. Hewitt, K. Hansen, S. Hambleton, R. A. Shoemaker, J. Kohlmeyer, B. Volkmann-Kohlmeyer, R. A. Spotts, M. Serdani, P. W. Crous, K. W. Hughes, K. Matsuura, E. Langer, G. Langer, W. A. Untereiner, R. Lücking, B. Büdel, D. M. Geiser, A. Aptroot, P. Diederich, I. Schmitt, M. Schultz, R. Yahr, D. S. Hibbett, F. Lutzoni, D. J. McLaughlin, J. W. Spatafora & R. Vilgalys. 2006. Reconstructing the early evolution of Fungi using a six-gene phylogeny. Nature 443: 818-822.

Lumbsch, H. T., I. Schmitt, H. Döring & M. Wedin. 2001. Molecular systematics supports the recognition of an additional order of Ascomycota: The Agyriales. Mycological Research 105 (1): 16-23.

Pang, K.-L., M. A. Abdel-Wahab, S. Sivichai, H. M. El-Sharouney & E. B. G. Jones. 2002. Jahnulales (Dothideomycetes, Ascomycota): A new order of lignicolous freshwater ascomycetes. Mycological Research 106 (9): 1031-1042.

Prescott, L. M., J. P. Harley & D. A. Klein. 1996. Microbiology (3rd ed.) Wm. C. Brown Publishers: Dubuque (Iowa).

Rossman, A. Y., G. J. Samuels, C. T. Rogerson & R. Lowen. 1999. Genera of Bionectriaceae, Hypocreaceae and Nectriaceae (Hypocreales, Ascomycetes). Studies in Mycology 42: 1-248.

Schweigkofler, W., K. Lopandic, O. Molnár & H. Prillinger. 2002. Analysis of phylogenetic relationships among Ascomycota with yeast phases using ribosomal DNA sequences and cell wall sugars. Organisms Diversity & Evolution 2: 1-17.

Yamanaka, T. 2003. The effect of pH on the growth of saprotrophic and ectomycorrhizal ammonia fungi in vitro. Mycologia 95 (4): 584-589.

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