Pinaceae

From Palaeos

o Gymnospermae
`--o Coniferophyta
   |?- Ginkgoopsida
   `--+?- Gnetales
      `--o PINOPSIDA
         |?- †Cordaitales
         `--+-- †Voltziales
            `--+?-Taxales 
               `--o Coniferales
                  |?- †Miroviaceae
                  |?- †Protopinaceae
                  |?- †Palissyaceae
                  |-- †Cheirolepidiaceae
                  |-- Podocarpaceae
                  |-- Araucariaceae
                  `--+-- †Pararaucariaceae
                     |-- Pinaceae
                     |--Sciadopityaceae 
                     `--o Cupressaceae sensu lato
                        |-- Cupressaceae 
                        `-- Cephalotaxaceae 

Pinus sylvestris, Scotland

Introduction

This section from Wikipedia:

The family Pinaceae (pine family), is in the order Pinales and includes many of the well-known conifers of commercial importance such as cedars, firs, hemlocks, larches, pines and spruces. It is the largest conifer family in species diversity, with between 220-250 species (depending on taxonomic opinion) in 11 genera, and the second-largest (after Cupressaceae) in geographical range, found in most the Northern Hemisphere with the majority of the species in temperate climates but ranging from subarctic to tropical. One species just crosses the equator in southeast Asia. Major centres of diversity are found in the mountains of southwest China, central Japan, California and Mexico.

They are trees (rarely shrubs) growing from 2 to 100 m tall, mostly evergreen (except Larix and Pseudolarix, deciduous), resinous, monoecious, with subopposite or whorled branches, and spirally arranged, linear (needle-like) leaves. The female cones are large and usually woody, 2-60 cm long, with numerous spirally-arranged scales, and two winged seeds on each scale. The male cones are small, 0.5-6 cm long, and fall soon after pollination; pollen dispersal is by wind. Seed dispersal is mostly by wind, but some species have large seeds with reduced wings, and are dispersed by birds. The embryos are multi-cotyledonous, with 3-24 cotyledons.

Classification

This section from Wikipedia:

The 11 genera are divided into four subfamilies, based on the cone, seed and leaf morphology:

1. Cones biennial, rarely triennial, with each year's scale growth distinct, forming an umbo on each scale. Cone scale base broad, concealing the seeds fully from abaxial view. Seed without resin vesicles. Seed wing holding the seed in a pair of claws. Leaves with primary stomatal bands adaxial (above the xylem) or equally on both surfaces. Subfamily Pinoideae (Pinus)
2. Cones annual, without a distinct umbo. Cone scale base broad, concealing the seeds fully from abaxial view. Seed without resin vesicles, blackish. Seed wing holding the seed loosely in a cup. Leaves with primary stomatal bands adaxial (above the xylem) or equally on both surfaces. Subfamily Piceoideae (Picea)
3. Cones annual, without a distinct umbo. Cone scale base broad, concealing the seeds fully from abaxial view. Seed without resin vesicles, whitish. Seed wing holding the seed tightly in a cup. Leaves with primary stomatal bands abaxial (below the phloem vessels) only. Subfamily Laricoideae (Larix, Cathaya, Pseudotsuga)
4. Cones annual, without a distinct umbo. Cone scale base narrow, with the seeds partly visible in abaxial view. Seed with resin vesicles. Seed wing holding the seed tightly in a cup. Leaves with primary stomatal bands abaxial (below the phloem vessels) only. Subfamily Abietoideae (Abies, Cedrus, Pseudolarix, Keteleeria, Nothotsuga, Tsuga)

Phylogeny

<==Pinaceae [Abietaceae, Pinales]
   |  i. s.: Pinites succinifer Göppert 1836
   |--Laricoideae
   |    |--Cathaya
   |    |--Pseudotsuga
   |    |    |--P. menziesii
   |    |    `--P. taxifolia
   |    `--Larix
   |         |--L. decidua
   |         |--L. groenlandii
   |         |--L. himalaica
   |         |--L. kaempferi [incl. L. leptolepis]
   |         `--L. laricina
   |--Abietoideae
   |    |--Pseudolarix
   |    |--Keteleeria
   |    |--Nothotsuga
   |    |--Tsuga
   |    |    |--T. canadensis
   |    |    |--T. dumosa
   |    |    |--T. heterophylla
   |    |    `--T. sieboldii [incl. Abies tsuga]
   |    |--Cedrus
   |    |    |--C. atlantica
   |    |    |--C. deodara
   |    |    `--C. libani
   |    `--Abies
   |         |--A. alba
   |         |--A. balsamea
   |         |--A. excelsa
   |         |--A. firma
   |         |--A. homolepis [incl. A. homolepis ajanensis]
   |         |--A. mariesii
   |         |--A. nebrodensis
   |         |--A. pectinata [incl. Pinus picea]
   |         |--A. spectabilis
   |         `--A. veitchii
   |--Picea [Piceoideae]
   |    |--P. abies
   |    |--P. alcoquiana [incl. Abies menziessi]
   |    |--P. densiflora
   |    |--P. excelsa
   |    |--P. glauca
   |    |--P. jezoensis
   |    |--P. mariana
   |    |--P. rubens
   |    `--P. smithiana
   `--Pinus [Pinoideae]
        |--P. arizonica
        |--P. attenuata
        |--P. brutia
        |--P. canariensis
        |--P. caribaea
        |--P. cembra
        |--P. cembroides
        |--P. contorta
        |--P. densiflora
        |--P. elliottii
        |--P. halepensis
        |--P. koraiensis
        |--P. luchuensis
        |--P. maritima
        |--P. merkusii
        |--P. montana
        |--P. muricata
        |--P. nigra
        |--P. oocarpa
        |--P. palustris
        |--P. parviflora
        |--P. pinaster
        |--P. pinea
        |--P. ponderosa
        |--P. pumila
        |--P. pungens
        |--P. radiata
        |--P. resinosa
        |--P. roxburgii
        |--P. strobus
        |--P. sylvestris
        |--P. thunbergii
        |--P. uncinata
        `--P. wallichiana
             |--P. w. var. wallichiana
             `--P. w. var. manangensis Ohba & Suzuki in Suzuki & Noshiro 1988

* Type species of genus indicated

References

Atkinson, I. A. E., & E. K. Cameron. 1993. Human influence on the terrestrial biota and biotic communities of New Zealand. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 8 (12): 447-451.

Barkman, T. J., S.-H. Lim, K. M. Salleh & J. Nais. 2004. Mitochondrial DNA sequences reveal the photosynthetic relatives of Rafflesia, the world’s largest flower. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 101 (3): 787-792.

Bowman, J., G. J. Forbes & T. G. Dilworth. 2001. The spatial component of variation in small-mammal abundance measured at three scales. Canadian Journal of Zoology 79: 137-144.

Candolle, A. de. 1855a. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 1. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

Candolle, A. de. 1855b. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

Carbayo, F., & A. M. Leal-Zanchet. 2003. Two new genera of geoplaninid land planarians (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida: Terricola) of Brazil in the light of cephalic specialisations. Invertebrate Systematics 17: 449-468.

Crawford, R. L. 1990. Discovery of Caviphantes saxetorum in North America; status of Scironis tarsalis (Araneida, Linyphiidae). Journal of Arachnology 18: 235-236.

Engel, M. S. 2001. A monograph of the Baltic amber bees and evolution of the Apoidea (Hymenoptera). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 259: 1-192.

Eriksson, O. E. (ed.) 1999. Notes on ascomycete systematics. Nos 2440-2755. Myconet 2: 1-41.

Farjon, A. 1998. World Checklist and Bibliography of Conifers. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 300 p. ISBN 1-900347-54-7.

Friedman, W. E., & S. K. Floyd. 2001. Perspective: The origin of flowering plants and their reproductive biology – a tale of two phylogenies. Evolution 55 (2): 217-231.

Hauck, M., A. Paul, S. Gross & M. Raubuch. 2003. Manganese toxicity in epiphytic lichens: Chlorophyll degradation and interaction with iron and phosphorus. Environmental and Experimental Botany 49: 181-191.

Jacobs, K., T. Kirisits & M. J. Wingfield. 2003. Taxonomic re-evaluation of three related species of Graphium, based on morphology, ecology and phylogeny. Mycologia 95 (4): 714-727.

Kiffe, K., K. Lewejohann. 1998. Ein Neufund von Carex oedipostyla Duval-Jouve (Cyperaceae) auf Teneriffa, Kanarische Inseln. Willdenowia 28: 117-122.

Kjøller, R., & T. D. Bruns. 2003. Rhizopogon spore bank communities within and among California pine forests. Mycologia 95 (4): 603-613.

Lack, H. W., & H. Ohba. 1998. Die Xylothek des Chikusai Kato. Willdenowia 28: 263-276.

Li, W.-H., & D. Graur. 1991. Fundamentals of Molecular Evolution. Sinauer: Sunderland (MA).

Mayr, E. 1947. Ecological factors in speciation. Evolution 1: 263-288.

Návia, D., & C. H. W. Flechtmann. 2001. Platyphytoptus pineae Castagnoli, an eriophyid mite described from Pinus pinae L. in Italy, present in central Brazil. In Acarology: Proceedings of the 10th International Congress (R. B. Halliday, D. E. Walter, H. C. Proctor, R. A. Norton & M. J. Colloff, eds.) pp. 392-393. CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne.

Philippe, M., H. Méon, G. Lambert, B. Erdei, F. Thevenard & B. Gomez. 2002. A palm-tree and Sciadopitys swamp-forest from the Neogene of Bresse (eastern France). Comptes Rendus Palevol 1: 221-225.

Ponomarenko, A. G. 2002. Superorder Scarabaeidea Laicharting, 1781. Order Coleoptera Linné, 1758. The beetles. In History of Insects (A. P. Rasnitsyn & D. L. J. Quicke, eds.) pp. 164-176. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.

Ragusa-di Chiara, S., & H. Tsolakis. 2001. Phytoseiid faunas of natural and agricultural ecosystems in Sicily. In Acarology: Proceedings of the 10th International Congress (R. B. Halliday, D. E. Walter, H. C. Proctor, R. A. Norton & M. J. Colloff, eds.) pp. 522-529. CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne.

Saldarriaga, J. F., M. L. McEwan, N. M. Fast, F. J. R. Taylor & P. J. Keeling. 2003. Multiple protein phylogenies show that Oxyrrhis marina and Perkinsus marinus are early branches of the dinoflagellate lineage. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 53: 355-365.

Simberloff, D., & P. Stilling. 1996. How risky is biological control? Ecology 77 (7): 1965-1974.

Skovgaard, K., S. Rosendahl, K. O’Donnell & H. I. Nirenberg. 2003. Fusarium commune is a new species identified by morphological and molecular phylogenetic data. Mycologia 95 (4): 630-636.

Slatkin, M. 1985. Gene flow in natural populations. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 16: 393-430.

Sobek, E. A., & J. C. Zak. 2003. The Soil FungiLog procedure: Method and analytical approaches toward understanding fungal functional diversity. Mycologia 95 (4): 590-602.

Song, D., & Q. Wang. 2003. Systematics of the longicorn beetle genus Coptomma Newman (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Cerambycinae). Invertebrate Systematics 17: 429-447.

Suzuki, M., & S. Noshiro. 1988. Wood structure of Himalayan plants. In The Himalayan Plants vol. 1 (H. Ohba & S. B. Malla, eds.) The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 341-379.

Tedford, R. H., & C. R. Harington. 2003. An Arctic mammal fauna from the Early Pliocene of North America. Nature 425: 388-390.

Tsurusaki, N. 1985. Geographic variation of chromosomes and external morphology in the montanum-subgroup of the Leiobunum curvipalpe-group (Arachnida, Opiliones, Phalangiidae) with special reference to its presumable process of raciation. Zoological Science 2: 767-783.

Yannitsaros, A. 1998. Additions to the flora of Kithira (Greece) I. Willdenowia 28: 77-94.

External links

This section from Wikipedia:

• Arboretum de Villardebelle Photos page - many images.
• Arboretum de Villardebelle Cones page - images of cones of many species
• Classification of Pinaceae
• Gymnosperm Database - Pinaceae

Credits

CKT070427 (phylogeny and refernces) Wikipedia (Introduction and classificatrion)