Ursidae

From Palaeos

<==Ursidae
   |  i. s.: Ursavus elmensis
   |         Tremarctotherium simum
   |         Agriotherium
   |           |--A. africanum
   |           `--A. inexpetans
   |         Hemicyon
   |           |--H. johnhenryi [=Phoberocyon johnhenryi]
   |           `--H. teilhardi
   |         Arctodus
   |           |--A. pristinus
   |           `--A. simus
   |--Ailuropoda [Ailuropodidae, Ailuropodinae]
   |    |--A. melanoleuca
   |    `--A. microta
   `--+--Tremarctos [Tremarctinae]
      |    |--T. floridanus
      |    `--T. ornatus
      `--Ursinae
           |--Helarctos malayanus [=Ursus malayanus]
           |--Melursus ursinus
           |--Selenarctos thibetanus [=Ursus thibetanus]
           |    |--S. t. thibetanus
           |    `--S. t. japonicus (Schlegel 1857)
           `--Ursus
                |--U. abstrusus
                |--U. americanus
                |    |--U. a. americanus
                |    |--U. a. altifrontalis
                |    |--U. a. carlottae
                |    |--U. a. cinnamomum
                |    |--U. a. emmonsii
                |    |--U. a. hamiltoni
                |    |--U. a. kermodei
                |    `--U. a. vancouveri
                |--U. arctos
                |    |--U. a. arctos
                |    |--U. a. horribilis
                |    |--U. a. middendorffi
                |    `--U. a. yesoensis Lydekker 1897
                |--U. etruscus
                |--U. maritimus [=Thalarctos maritimus]
                |--U. minimus
                `--U. spelaeus

Inorganic: Helarctos malayanus protominilorientalus Okamura 1987
           Thalarctos maritimus minilorientalus Okamura 1987
           Ursus arctos protominilorientalus Okamura 1987

* Type species of generic name indicated

References

Bunnell, F. 1984a. The bear family. In All the World’s Animals: Carnivores (D. Macdonald, ed.) pp. 78-79. Torstar Books Inc.: New York.

Bunnell, F. 1984b. Grizzly bear. In All the World’s Animals: Carnivores (D. Macdonald, ed.) pp. 80-83. Torstar Books Inc.: New York.

Bunnell, F. 1984c. American black bear. In All the World’s Animals: Carnivores (D. Macdonald, ed.) pp. 86-87. Torstar Books Inc.: New York.

Burton, J. A., & V. G. Burton. 1987. Collins Guide to the Rare Mammals of the World. Collins: London.

Campbell, N. A. 1996. Biology (4th ed.) The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Inc.: Menlo Park (California).

Deng T., Wang X., Ni X. & Liu L. 2004. Sequence of the Cenozoic mammalian faunas of the Linxia Basin in Gansu, China. Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition) 78 (1): 8-14.

Fisher, J., & R. T. Peterson. 1964. The World of Birds: A comprehensive guide to general ornithology. Macdonald: London.

Huang W., R. Ciochon, Gu Y., R. Larick, Fang Q., H. Schwarcz, C. Yonge, J. de Vos & W. Rink. 1995. Early Homo and associated artefacts from Asia. Nature 378: 275-278.

Iwahashi, J. (ed.). 1992. Reddo Deeta Animarusu: a pictorial of Japanese fauna facing extinction. JICC: Tokyo.

Lentfer, J. W. 1984. Polar bear. In All the World’s Animals: Carnivores (D. Macdonald, ed.) pp. 84-85. Torstar Books Inc.: New York.

Okamura, C. 1987. New facts: Homo and all Vertebrata were born simultaneously in the former Paleozoic in Japan. Original Report of the Okamura Fossil Laboratory 15: 347-573.

Savage, R. J. G. 1978. Carnivora. In Evolution of African Mammals (V. J. Maglio & H. B. S. Cooke, eds.) pp. 249-267. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

Tedford, R. H., & C. R. Harington. 2003. An Arctic mammal fauna from the Early Pliocene of North America. Nature 425: 388-390.

Valkenburgh, B. van. 1991. Iterative evolution of hypercarnivory in canids (Mammalia: Carnivora): evolutionary interactions among sympatric predators. Paleobiology 17 (4): 340-362.

Credits

Christopher 06:54, 20 June 2008 (PDT)