Zoanthidea

From Palaeos.org

These are small, solitary or colonial, anemone-like hexacorals. Most forms are tropical, some are common reef inhabitants, and some live attached to other invertebrates. The body may be columnar, but is more often short and button-like. A short fringe of tentacles surrounds a the broad oval disc.

<==Zoanthidea [Zoantharia, Zoanthiniaria]
  |  i. s.: Gerardia Lacaze Duthiers 1864
  |         Parazoanthus
  |           |--P. axinellae
  |           `--P. swifti (Duchassaing & Michelotti 1860) [=Gemmaria swifti]
  |         Acrozoanthus australiae Saville-Kent 1893
  |         Zoanthus [Zoanthidae]
  |           |--Z. coppingeri Haddon & Shackleton 1891 [incl. Z. pacificus Walsh & Bowers 1971]
  |           `--Z. sociatus (Ellis 1767)
  |--Epizoanthus [Macrocnemina]
  |    `--E. arenacea
  `--Sphenopidae [Brachycnemina]
       |--Sphenopus Steenstrup 1856
       |--Palythoa Lamouroux 1816
       |    |--*P. mammillosa (Ellis & Solander 1786) [=Alcyonium mammillosum]
       |    |--P. caesia Dana 1846
       |    |--P. caribaeorum Duchassaing & Michelotti 1864 [=P. caribaea (l. c.)]
       |    `--P. tuberculosa (Esper 1809)
       `--Protopalythoa Verrill 1900 [=Gemmaria Duchassaing & Michelotti 1860 non McCrady 1857]
            |--*P. variabilis (Duerden 1898) [=Gemmaria variabilis]
            |--‘Gemmaria’ aspera Carlgren 1900
            |--‘Mamillifera’ brevis Duchassaing 1850
            |--‘Gemmaria’ canariensis Haddon & Duerden 1898
            |--‘Mamillifera’ clavata Duchassaing 1850
            |--P. fusca (Duerden 1898) [=Gemmaria fusca]
            |--P. grandiflora (Verrill 1900) [=Palythoa grandiflora]
            |--P. grandis Verrill 1900
            |--P. heideri (Carlgren 1954) [=Palythoa heideri]
            |--P. heliodiscus Ryland & Lancaster 2003
            |--‘Gemmaria’ macmurrichi Haddon & Shackleton 1891
            |--‘Gemmaria’ multisulcata Carlgren 1900
            |--P. mutuki (Haddon & Shackleton 1891) (see below for synonymy)
            |--‘Palythoa’ psammophilia Walsh & Bowers 1971
            |--‘Gemmaria’ rusei Duchassaing & Michelotti 1860 [=G. riisei (l. c.)]
            |--‘Palythoa’ singaporensis Pax & Müller 1956
            |--P. toxica (Walsh & Bowers 1971) [=Palythoa toxica]
            |--‘Gemmaria’ tubulifera Carlgren 1900
            `--‘Zoanthus’ vestitus Verrill 1928

Protopalythoa mutuki (Haddon & Shackleton 1891) [=Gemmaria mutuki, P. (Gemmaria) mutuki; incl. G. arenacea Wilsmore 1909, Palythoa australiensis Carlgren 1950, Protopalythoa australiensis, Palythoa singaporensis Pax & Müller 1956, Gemmaria willeyi Hill & Whitelegge 1898, Palythoa yongei Carlgren 1937]

References

Cavalier-Smith, T., & E. E.-Y. Chao. 2003. Phylogeny of Choanozoa, Apusozoa, and other Protozoa and early eukaryote megaevolution. Journal of Molecular Evolution 56: 540-563.

Dardeau, M. R. 1984. Synalpheus shrimps (Crustacea: Decapoda: Alpheidae). I. The Gambarelloides group, with a description of a new species. Memoirs of the Hourglass Cruises 7 (2): 1-125.

Monniot, F. 1962. Recherches sur les graviers a Amphioxus de la région de Banyuls-sur-Mer. Vie et Milieu 13: 231-322.

Opresko, D. M. 2001. Revision of the Antipatharia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa). Part I. Establishment of a new family, Myriopathidae. Zoologische Mededelingen 75 (17): 343-370.

Ryland, J. S., & J. E. Lancaster. 2003. Revision of methods for separating species of Protopalythoa (Hexacorallia: Zoanthidea) in the tropical West Pacific. Invertebrate Systematics 17: 407-428.

Credits

intro MAK?, dendrogram CKT061027