Charophyta

From Palaeos.org

The Charophyta are the other lineage of green algae, the group which includes the land plants. Karol et al. (2001). Our working definition is Quercus (oak) > Chlamydomonas. The Charophyta have recently been referred to as the Streptophyta, but the reasons given for this change in nomenclature are probably insufficient. Unfortunately, the name is also frequently, and wrongly, used in place of Charophyceae or Charales to describe the stoneworts -- one of several distinct groups of charophytes.

The synapomorphies of the group are said to include the the dissolution of the nuclear membrane during mitosis and the presence of paired flagella (when flagella are present at all) directed perpendicularly to each other. In addition, the charophytes are strongly inclined toward growth as long filaments.

Phylogeny

<==Charophyta
   |  i. s.: Sycidiaceae [Sycidiales, Sycidiphyceae]
   |           |--Chovanella Reitlinger & Jarzewa 1958
   |           |    |--*C. kovalevei Reitlinger & Jarzewa 1958
   |           |    `--C. maslovi Jarzewa in Reitlinger & Jarzewa 1958
   |           `--Sycidium Sandberger 1849
   |                |--*S. reticulatum Sandberger 1849
   |                |--S. foveatum
   |                |--S. melo
   |                |--S. minor [=S. panderi f. minor Karpinsky 1906]
   |                |--S. panderi Karpinsky 1906
   |                |--S. pskowensis [=S. melo var. pskowensis]
   |                `--S. volborthi Karpinsky 1906
   |                     |--S. v. ssp. volborthi
   |                     `--S. v. ssp. eifelicum Langer 1976
   |         Umbellinaceae
   |         Columbella ningbingensis
   |         *Trochiliscus panderi [=Miliola panderi Ehrenberg 1859]
   |--Mesostigma [Mesostigmatales]
   |    `--M. viride
   `--Streptophyta (see below for synonymy)
        |--Chlorokybus [Chlorokybales, Chlorokybophyceae, Chlorokybophyta]
        |    `--C. atmophyticus
        `--+--+--Entransia Hughes 1943
           |  |    `--E. fimbriata
           |  `--Klebsormidium (see below for synonymy)
           |       |--K. flaccidum
           |       `--+--K. nitens
           |          `--K. subtilissimum
           `--+--Conjugophyceae
              `--+--Coleochaetales [Chaetophycidae]
                 |    |--Chaetosphaeridium (see below for synonymy)
                 |    |    |--C. globosum
                 |    |    `--C. ovalis
                 |    `--Coleochaete [Coleochaetobiotes, Coleochaetophyceae, Coleochaetophyta]
                 |         |  i. s.: C. scutata
                 |         |--+--C. irregularis
                 |         |  `--C. sieminskiana
                 |         `--+--C. orbicularis
                 |            `--C. soluta
                 `--+--Embryophyta
                    `--Charales [Charobiotes, Charophyceae, Charophytae]
                         |  i. s.: Septorella ultima
                         |--+--Nitella
                         |  |    |--N. flexilis
                         |  |    `--N. translucens
                         |  `--Tolypella
                         |       |--T. nidifica
                         |       |    |--T. n. var. nidifica
                         |       |    `--T. n. var. porteri
                         |       `--T. prolifera
                         `--+--+--Lychnothamnus barbatus
                            |  `--Nitellopsis obtusa
                            `--+--Lamprothamnium
                               |    |--L. macropogon
                               |    `--L. papulosum
                               `--Chara
                                    |--C. braunii
                                    |--C. connivens
                                    |--C. foetida
                                    |--C. meriani
                                    `--C. vulgaris

Chaetosphaeridium [Chaetosphaeridiobiotes, Chaetosphaeridiophyceae, Chaetosphaeridiophyta]

Klebsormidium [Klebsormidiales, Klebsormidiobiotes, Klebsormidiophyceae, Klebsormidiophyta]

Streptophyta [Eophyceae, Phragmophytina, Rudophytae, Stichophycidae, Streptobionta, Zygnemobiotes]

* Type species of generic name indicated

References

Allain, R., & X. Pereda Suberbiola. 2003. Dinosaurs of France. Comptes Rendus Palevol 2 (1): 27-44.

Campbell, N. A. 1996. Biology (4th ed.) The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Inc.: Menlo Park (California).

Druce, G. C. 1930. Account of a botanical tour in Cyprus. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London 141: 50-52.

Edgell, H. S. 2003. Upper Devonian Charophyta of Western Australia. Micropaleontology 49 (4): 359-374.

Gray, M. W., B. F. Lang & G. Burger. 2004. Mitochondria of protists. Annual Review of Genetics 38: 477-524.

Hoshaw, R. W., & R. M. McCourt. 1988. The Zygnemataceae (Chlorophyta): A twenty-year update of research. Phycologia 27 (4): 511-548.

Karol, K. G., R. M. McCourt, M. T. Cimino & C. F. Delwiche. 2001. The closest living relatives of land plants. Science 294: 2351-2353.

López-Bautista, J. M., & R. L. Chapman. 2003. Phylogenetic affinities of the Trentepohliales inferred from small-subunit rDNA. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 53: 2099-2106.

McCourt, R. M., K. G. Karol, J. Bell, K. M. Helm-Bychowski, A. Grajewska, M. F. Wojciechowski & R. W. Hoshaw. 2000. Phylogeny of the conjugating green algae (Zygnemophyceae) based on rbcL sequences. Journal of Phycology 36: 747-758.

Okamoto, N., & I. Inouye. 2005. The katablepharids are a distant sister group of the Cryptophyta: A proposal for Katablepharidophyta divisio nova / Kathablepharida phylum novum based on SSU rDNA and beta-tubulin phylogeny. Protist 156: 163-179.

Sluiman, H. J., & C. Guihal. 1999. Phylogenetic position of Chaetosphaeridium (Chlorophyta), a basal lineage in the Charophyceae inferred from 18S rDNA sequences. Journal of Phycology 35: 395-402.

Squinabol, S. 1889. Res Ligusticae. VII. – Cenno preliminare sulla flora fossile di Santa Giustina. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Serie 2a 7: 73-76.

Credits

intro ATW041212, phylogeny Christopher 09:54, 24 May 2009 (UTC)