Crustacea
From Palaeos.org
Contents |
Introduction
With around 35,000 known species the Crustacea are a diverse group. They are so incredibly abundant in marine and freshwater habitats are they that they have been called the insects of the water. A majority of zooplankton are Crustacea - either larvae or tiny adults. A few Crustacea (slaters or sow bugs) even live on land, usually under old logs and leaf litter. The majority of crustaceans are marine and are herbivores, although there are also many species which are carnivores or scavengers
Most crustaceans have jointed appendages which serve as either walking or swimming legs, and some of which have been modified in some way to serve a special function, such as the claws of lobsters and crabs. The number of body segments varies widely among the different groups.
Crustacea are characterized by two pairs of antennae, three pairs of mouthparts, and a special type of larvae called the nauplius.
Crustacea generally also have a carapace and compound eyes. Most species are filter-feeders or scavengers.
The Crustacea are a very ancient group. They first evolved in the earlier Cambrian period, as part of the great radiation of coelomate animals that occurred at that time. By the Jurassic period Crustaceans looked pretty much like they do today. Shrimps and lobsters from the famous Solnhofen limestone are hardly distinguishable from modern forms
Phylogeny
<==Crustacea [Pancrustacea, Tetraconata] | i. s.: Allorchestes compressa | Leptodora kindtii | Imocaris tuberculata Schram & Mapes 1984 | Nippotantulus heteroxenus Huys, Ohtsuka & Boxshall 1994 | Branchipodites vectensis | Eopteron devonicum | Eopteridium | Neomysis americana | Bathynectes piperitus | Perosquilla armata | |--P. a. armata | `--P. a. capensis | Oxyurostylis smithi | Mesosoma Otto 1821 | Odius Lilljeborg 1866 | Mixodiaptomus laciniatus | Pleuroncodes planipes | Phalangites priscus Münster 1836 | Nematoscolis megalops | Cryptophthalmus Rafinesque 1814 | Cymodocea Rafinesque 1814 | ‘Cymodocea’ Leach 1818 nec Rafinesque 1814 nec Lamouroux 1816 | ‘Dactylopus’ Claus 1862 non Gill 1859 | Donovania Leach 1814 | Orientalina Kolosnitsyna 1973 | Pagodina van Beneden 1853 | Polyphemus Müller 1776 | Trichia de Haan 1839 [Trichiidae] | ‘Typhis’ Risso 1816 non Montfort 1810 [Typhidae] | Venilia Rafinesque 1815 |--Henningsmoenicaris scutula (Walossek & Müller 1990) |--Phosphatocopina [Phosphatocopida] `--+--Hexapoda `--Eucrustacea | i. s.: Remipedia | | i. s.: Lepidocaris rhyniensis Scourfield 1925 | |--Tesnusocaris Brooks 1955 [Enantiopoda] | | `--T. goldichi Brooks 1955 | `--Speleonectidae [Nectiopoda] | |--Lasionectes | `--Speleonectes Yager 1981 | |--S. gironensis | `--S. lucayensis Yager 1981 |--Malacostraca | | i. s.: Pasiphaea | | |--P. multidentata | | `--P. tarda | | Litopenaeus vannamei | |--Phyllocarida | `--Eumalacostraca `--Entomostraca |--Yicaris Zhang, Siveter et al. 2007 | `--*Y. dianensis Zhang, Siveter et al. 2007 |--Hutchinsoniella Sanders 1955 [Brachypoda, Cephalocarida] | `--H. macracantha |--+--Rehbachiella kinnekullensis Müller 1983 | `--Branchiopoda `--Maxillopoda | i. s.: Thylacocephala | Cycloidea | |--Cyclus de Koninck 1841 [incl. Paraprosopon Gemmellaro 1890] | `--Oonocarcinus Gemmellaro 1890 |--Ostracoda |--+--Copepoda | `--Mystacocarida |--Lingulatulida [Pentastomida] | |--Cephalobaeniuda | `--Porocephalus [Porocephalida] | `--P. crotali |--Argulus [Branchiura] | |--A. alosa | |--A. bicolor | |--A. canadensis | |--A. intectus | |--A. laticauda [incl. A. chesapeakensis Cressey 1971] | `--A. nobilis `--+--Tantulocarida |--Thecostraca `--Skaracarida |--Bredocaris admirabilis |--Dala peilertae Müller 1983 |--Oelandocaris |--Skara annulata Müller 1983 |--Walossekia quinquespinosa Müller 1983 `--Martinssonia Müller & Walossek 1986
* Type species of generic name indicated
References
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Credits
Christopher 05:31, 14 July 2008 (PDT) (phylogeny, references) MAK020505 (Intro)
